Risqot Garba Ibrahim1, Naimat Gatta Bakare 2, Idayat Foluke Usamot3, Ishaq Sulyman Olawoyin4, Sulaiman Awwal Akinwunmi5, Dauda Adeniran Adeshola6

Let Ω_υ={1,2,3,--,υ} be ordered finite set. The tropical geometry was utilized to analyze the subsemigroup of order-decreasing and order-preserving full transformation semigroups, denoted as D_υ∩O_υ= C_υ . The elements of classical algebra within C_υ were transformed into tropical polynomials, allowing for the determination of tropical roots and their multiplicities through the tropical curve, which was visualized using {GeoGebra}.

O. BABALOLA1, Oluwatobi, A. AMOSU2, Loveth IBRAHIM3

Introduction: Water is an important resource that is essential for health, household use, agriculture, transportation, ecological as well as many other anthropogenic activities. But as essential as it is, water is also one of the most poorly managed resources, often contaminated with varieties of pollutants, with potential threat to human and aquatic wildlife. These pollutants include those from industrial activities as well as agrochemicals and environmental pesticides including insecticides, fungicides and herbicides that are majorly from agriculture Aims: The toxicity status of many of these pesticides on wildlife is unknown, and this lacuna is very important to be filled. Materials and Methods: Following OECD, (2012) fish toxicity protocol, 96-hour acute toxicity of Diquat dibromide formulation was assessed against African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) at both fingerlings and juvenile stages. The exposure concentration ranged from 2.5-11 mgL-1. Result: The result of this showed that percentage mortality increased relative to the concentration at both developmental stages. The 96-hour lethal concentration was 8.66 mgL-1 and 2.65 mgL-1 for fingerlings and juvenile stage respectively. This means that although Midstream formulation is moderately toxic to both the juvenile and the fingerling stage, the fingerlings is more susceptible to the formulation. Conclusion: This level of susceptibility within the developmental stages could have long term impacts on the population dynamics of this fish species. This result is essential as it shows the importance of selecting appropriate developmental stage for toxicity evaluation. Therefore, application of Midstream formulation should be restricted away from aquatic system where this fish species or others with similar physiological and ecological characteristics could be found.

Kehinde Sotonwa1, Mauton Asokere1, Telema Elisha-Opusunju1

Auctions are a common method for people to contest for a variety of goods, such as electronics, properties, and artwork, where the highest bid is selected. However, issues such as: non-delivery, misinterpretation, shill bidding, and the sale of black market goods have deterred users from participating in online auctions. This research focused on designing and developing an online auction system to effectively address the issue of shill bidding- a type of fraud where a seller or third party artificially inflates the price of an item by submitting false bids. The system was developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for the front end, and PHP and MySQL for the back end. Several features were incorporated to prevent shill bidding, including the use of SKU codes known only to the system administrator, the elimination of a search bar, and the introduction of user profiles and seller accounts. The software was tested to evaluate its effectiveness in mitigating shill bidding. The results showed a significant decrease in suspicious bids and an increase in user satisfaction indicating that the system is a valuable tool for preventing shill bidding in online auctions.

Olusegun Omolade Fajana1,2*, Olasunkanmi Kayode Awote1.2 Adesegun Gideon Adeyemo1,2, and Jimoh Olamilekan Igbalaye1,2

Introduction: Ipoma batata is one of the herbs used in the alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus. Aims: The present study was designed to investigate the antidiabetic and hypolipidaemic effects of aqueous extract of Ipoma batata aerial part in normal and alloxan diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The treatment was given for 14days. After the treatment a significant reduction was observed in fasting serum glucose levels in the treated diabetics’ rats. Results: Ipomea batata treatment showed appreciable lowering of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol, Total Cholesterol /High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and an increase in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the treated diabetic group. Conclusion: These results indicate that the ipoma batata leaves extract possess antidiabetic and hypolipideamic effects in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Fajana, Olusegun O1, Ogunrinola Olabisi O1, Olaitan S.N1, Adu Oluwatosin B1, and Elemo1, Babajide O1

Pectinases are today one of the upcoming enzymes of the commercial sector. A lot of this enzymes are commercially available, due to their all-embracing applications in bio scouring of cotton, degumming of plant fibers, with several industrial uses. The aim of the present study is to purify and characterize Pectin methyl esterase (PME) from Aspergillus niger (A. niger) grown on pineapple peel residue in a solid-state fermentation process. The optimum conditions of pectinase production were carried out by growing Aspergillus niger on basal media containing pectin as inducer at a pH 5.5, temperature of 30oC, and fermentation times of 96 h. The optimum pectinase activities were performed at various pH (4.0-9.0), and temperatures (25 to 90oC), The influence of metals ions was conducted using Zn2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Ca2+; EDTA and Mercaptoethanol were used as inhibitors at range concentrations from 10 to 50 mM, respectively. The isolated pectin methyl esterase from A. niger, Ion exchange purification gave about 4.2-fold with specific activity of 7.14 U/mg, and 9.5% enzyme recovery the optimum PME activity was at pH 7.5, and temperature of 45oC; the maximum substrate concentration was 4mg/ml with the Km value of 1.321 and Vmax of 5mMol/min; The present of Ca2+, K+ Mg2+, Na+, and Zn2+, ions significantly activated the enzyme activity, however EDTA and Mercaptoethanol inhibits the PME activity greatly. PME from A. niger is a good microbial enzyme source and pineapple residue a neglected agro waste is an alternative source of PME production that can be exploited industrially.

Foluke Areola1, Shehu Akintola1, Kafayat Fakoya1, Samuel Oropo2, Morenikeji Oladosu2.

The small-scale cooperative societies of Imagbon Alade, Ibeju- Lekki, Lagos State, were largely able to cope with the several natural, social, and governance issues that have confronted them over the years until in recent times when there were huge industrial developments in the coastal areas. The magnitude of the current stressors threatened the security of their environment, fishing operations, productivity, food security, livelihoods, and human health. They were faced with stressors such as the pollution by the effluents from the refinery and cement plant operating within the coastal space and pilling activities in the coastal waters. These made the fishermen highly vulnerable. Vulnerability is generally considered to be the degree to which a system is susceptible and unable to cope with, the adverse effect of a chronic or stochastic disturbance. To remain viable in the first and only major economic, and traditional enterprise of small-scale fishing, the cooperatives at great economic risks took the decisions to confront and overcome the challenges imposed on them by the recent activities. The research methodology was based on a qualitative research design which was done using interviews through interaction and supervisory activities. The fishermen’s efforts at deliberations and justice at different governance levels and with the developers did not yield the expected result nor meet their expectations. They pioneered and expanded their coping strategies by establishing a modern complex within their community that has a fish blasting freezer, cold storage powered by solar energy. They had to pursue these initiatives because their efforts at negotiations and demand for fair play failed. Their aspirations for support in operating ocean safe fishing trawlers to guarantee their safety to fish further away from the coast where the water is said to be polluted, did not also materialize.

Medinat Osundiya1*, Abdullahi Sobola1, Toyib Oyewole1, Oluwakemi Tovide1,Sarah Nwinee2, Sewanu Kohra1 and Rasaq Olowu1

Introduction:Adsorption has been extensively reported as a successful method for removing potentially toxic metals from wastewater. Aim: This study investigated the efficiency of raw Phoenix dactylifera L. as an adsorbent for the removal of Pb (II) and Mn (II) ions from model wastewater. Method: Batch adsorption process. Results: The initial and the equilibrium metal ion concentrations were determined using the atomic absorption spectroscopy, while the raw Phoenix dactylifera L was characterized using the scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of metal ion concentrations, the kinetics, pH, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the metal ion bio-sorption were also investigated. The pH-dependent adsorption of the metal ions revealed an optimum pH of 3.0, and a maximum percentage removal of 93.37% for Pb (II) and 97.57% for Mn (II) across the entire concentrations range. The results of the modelling analysis of the adsorption isotherms showed that the correlation coefficient for Temkin was the highest with 0.976 for Pb (II) and 0.955 for Mn (II) ions. The kinetic studies of both ions followed the pseudo-second-order reaction kinetic while the thermodynamic analysis (maximum adsorption) indicated that the process was spontaneous and exothermic with value of ∆G of -183.91 kJ/molK for Pb (II), and -379.31 kJ/molK for Mn (II).and ∆H values of -0.065 kJ/mol for Pb (II) and -0.841 kJ/mol for Mn (II) respectively. Conclusion: Overall, the adsorbent demonstrated a significant potential for effective removal of the metal ions of interest.

Medinat O. Osundiya1*, Abdullahi O. Sobola1, Taiwo Rahman1, Toyib S. Oyewole1, Abel Egbemhenghe2, Olawale L.Osifeko1, and Razaq A. Olowu1

Introduction: The influence of polar organic solvent on the self-assembly of surfactants is of significant concern. Specifically, certain biological and technical processes required non-aqueous media to achieve optimal outcome. Aims: This work investigated the effect of an aprotic solvent (acetonitrile) on the micellization of benzethonium chloride (BZC) at 298.1-318.1.K at an interval of 5 K. Materials and Methods: The micellization of benzethonium chloride in ACN was studied with the aid of temperature controlled-water bath and electrical conductivity meter. The stock solution of BZC was prepared in redistilled-de-ionized water, and then in mixed varying volume percentages of ACN. Results: The values of the critical micelle concentration (CMCBZC) obtained at different temperatures in aqueous medium ranged from 2.885 to 3.486 moldm-3. When 5% v/v of ACN was added to the system, the values of the were 3.093 - 3.545 moldm-3 at 298.1 - 318.1 K. However, when the concentration of ACN was further increased to 10% v/v and 15% v/v, the process of micellization was depressed at different temperatures. The values of the Gibbs free energy (ΔGBZC, kJmol-1) were all negative, while the values obtained for the , were positive with variation in the degree of randomness at different volume percentages of ACN and temperatures. In addition, the values revealed that the system was on the overall, exothermic. Conclusion: The ACN adjusted the aggregation process in the context of co-solvent, and the thermodynamic data indicated that the ACN-BZC micelle can be utilized in water-non-aqueous based system.

Lateef BADMOS A*, Sheu AKINTOLA, Martins ANETEKHAI and Isa ELEGBEDE

Introduction: Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus species dominate Nigerian aquaculture, contributing over 80% of production. However, hatchery challenges, particularly high mortality rates linked to inbreeding, hinder seed value chain sustainability. Aim: This study aimed to improve clariid catfish strains by evaluating the reproductive performance and growth traits of wild Clarias gariepinus from River Benue, Lake Chad, and Ogun River, alongside a cultured strain from Lagos State University Hatchery. Materials and Methods: Broodstocks were sourced with artisanal fishermen’s assistance, identified, and acclimatized before spawning. Reproductive parameters—fecundity, fertilization, and hatchability—were assessed post-hypophysation. Frys were reared into fingerlings (Mean, 7±2.0g) and stocked in triplicate within mobile tarpaulin tanks at 4 fish/m³. They were fed a 45% protein diet twice daily for eight months. Results: Results indicated that the Benue strain excelled in fertilization (90.26%), hatchability (91.53%), and survival (79.56%) but had the lowest fecundity (19,572.44 eggs). The Lake Chad strain exhibited the highest fecundity (113,561.75 eggs) but had lower fertilization (56.41%) and survival (61.59%). Growth performance assessments showed the Ogun strain had the highest final weight (795.57g), specific growth rate (3.974), and best feed conversion ratio (1.62). Proximate composition analysis revealed the Benue strain had the highest crude protein content (17.86%), while the Lake Chad strain had the highest crude fat (15.01%). Statistical analyses confirmed significant differences among strains. Conclusion: Despite the Benue strain's reproductive advantages, the Ogun strain demonstrated the best balance of fecundity, growth, and feed efficiency, making it the most commercially viable for aquaculture.

Azeez Fatai1*, Habeeb Bankole1, Mutiu Kazeem1, Hamid Yusuf-Esilokun1, Favour Oluokun1,Eniola Osisami1, AyomideJokosanya1, Harmzah Abdulkabir1, Hannah Adeyeye1, Deborah Ikomi1

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance driven by β-lactamases, particularly AmpC β-lactamase in Escherichia coli, poses a significant threat to global health. Aims: This study investigates the inhibitory potential of phytochemicals from Acacia, Moringa oleifera, and Curcuma longa against AmpC β-lactamase using computational methods. Materials and Methods: The 3D structure of E. coli AmpC β-lactamase was prepared by removing heteroatoms, while antibacterial phytochemicals from PubChem were energy-minimized and converted to PDBQT format. Molecular docking utilized a grid-box-focused active site to predict ligand-receptor binding affinities and conformations. Interactions were visualized, and drug-likeness and ADMET profiles (ADMETLab3.0) were computationally assessed. Results: β-amyrin exhibited the strongest binding affinity (-9.9 kcal/mol), surpassing the control compound ceftazidime (-8.5 kcal/mol), with critical interactions involving Tyr221 and Lys315. Sitosterol also showed promising binding energies (-9.1 kcal/mol), forming hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions with key residues. Drug-likeness screening via DruLiTo confirmed compliance with Lipinski’s Rule of Five for all compounds, except minor violations in molecular weight (curcumin) and hydrogen bond donors (β-amyrin). ADMET profiling using ADMETLab 3.0 revealed favourable pharmacokinetic properties, including high gastrointestinal absorption for β-amyrin and sitosterol. However, toxicity risks such as hepatotoxicity (β-amyrin, betulin) and genotoxicity (AMES test positivity) were noted. Molecular interaction analysis highlighted targeting of critical active-site residues (Tyr150, Tyr221, and Ser64), suggesting disruption of catalytic activity Conclusion: These findings position β-amyrin as a lead compound for further development, despite requiring structural optimization to mitigate toxicity. The study underscores the potential of plant-derived compounds to combat AmpC-mediated resistance, offering a promising avenue for novel inhibitor design

Adam F. Zubair1, Benjamin S. Aribisala1, Oluwatoyin A. Enikuomehin1, Micheal Adenibuyan2

Introduction: One of the methods for investigating brain activity is called functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and research has shown that it has great potential for use in clinical applications. However, some of the inconsistent findings reported by several research place some limitations on fMRI. The absence of accepted and standardized techniques for evaluating fMRI data is one of the potential causes of the problem. To solve this issue, a standardized parcellation model is desirable. Aims: In this paper, we evaluated the performance of a novel parcellation framework called the Node Vitality Model (NVM) for fMRI image region of interest definition using the anatomical, functional, and network features of the brain. Materials and Methods: The model was evaluated using both real data made up of 50 images of the human brain and simulated data created using standard graph methods. Measures of segregation using clustering, resilience using global efficiency, and integration using assortativity were the metrics used to assess the vitality of the brain nodes. Results: According to the findings, assortativity varied between 0.0022 and 0.1394, clustering varied between 0.5267 and 0.9083, and global efficiency varied between 0.5172 and 0.9167. Only 80 of the 132 nodes taken into consideration in the majority rule's final analysis were found to be significant, and this information was used to construct a brain network. The resulting graph was then used to re-parcellate the brain network using a reverse Engineering approach. Conclusion: This study showed that the node vitality model has good promise for parcellating fMRI data considering anatomical, functional and network features of the brain.

Bamgbose Muyiwa K.1, Ayedun Funmilayo.2, Ogabi C. O.1, Fabiyi Adegboyega I.3, Idowu B. A.1

Introduction: This work presents a first-principles investigation of the electronic structure and thermoelectric transport coefficients of LiYN(Y = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) half-Heusler(hH) compounds. Materials and Methods: Density Functional Theory calculation is carried out to investigate the thermoelectric properties of LiYN(Y = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba) half-Heusler(hH) compounds. Aim The work determines the electronic and thermoelectric properties of these compounds. Results and Discussion: The bandgaps of these compounds range from 2.80eV for LiBeN to 1.01 for LiBaN, and the gap decreases down the group. The band structures of these compounds reveal mixtures of the flat band and parabolic bands. This mixture of bands enhances high-performance thermoelectric behaviours. The thermoelectric transport coefficients calculated in this work are electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, power factor, and the dimensionless figure of merit. The figure of merit of LiCaN is 0.99 at the temperature of 1000K; this high figure of merit is due to the perfect flat band and parabolic band in these compounds’ conduction band. Conclusion: From the results obtained in this calculation, these compounds are high-performance thermoelectric candidates.

Omoyemi Orioke1, Benjamin Aribisala1, Alade Rahman1

Introduction: Stroke occurs due to interrupted brain blood flow, leading to cell death. AI and computer vision aid diagnosis, prediction, and patient management. Technologies like CT, MRI, and PET enhance stroke assessment. However, ML-based stroke diagnosis is underexplored in developing countries, including Nigeria, with limited model comparisons. Aim: To systematically review the existing machine learning models for stroke diagnosis, and identify their strengths and weaknesses. Materials and Methods: A systematic review of 880 Google Scholar articles on Machine Learning and Stroke was conducted. After applying PRISMA criteria, 44 studies were selected. Results: The search returned 880 articles. After screening and removal of duplicates, the number of articles was reduced to 489. Out of these 391 papers were excluded based on title, keywords and abstract, 391 relevant studies met the inclusion criteria, out of these 98 articles were eligible. 54 articles were excluded after further screening and 44 papers that met the criteria for inclusion were reviewed. We found that the most commonly used ML models were random forest (10 studies), support vector machine (6 studies), neural networks (24 studies), and logistic regression (4 studies). The accuracy of machine learning algorithms ranged from 0.58 to 0.97. Conclusion: We discovered that there are increasing research efforts on Machine Learning Models and stroke prediction but with a very few studies done in developing countries. The performance of the existing machine learning models is good but can be improved upon. Major improvements and validations are required for stroke models' adoption into clinical practice. Our future plan is to develop a homemade machine learning model for stroke diagnosis.

Foluke Areola1, Oladele Osanyinlusi2, Olufemi Soyinka3

Introduction: The presence of Sargassum seaweed on the sea across the globe has been harmful and helpful to the economy. It has been a great threat, particularly to the survival of the fishing industry in coastal African countries where found. Aims: This study examined the benefits and challenges of Sargassum seaweed to the local fishing communities in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This exploratory research used a Key Informant Interview (KII) approach to obtain relevant information from the key stakeholders in the fishing industry. The respondents were randomly selected along the fishing coastal communities in Nigeria. Results: The findings showed that the occurrence of Sargassum seaweed on the sea is seasonal. The presence of Sargassum on the sea or waterways had prevented fishermen from going to the fishing grounds, leading to loss of catches, deaths of fish (e.g. barracuda, shiny nose), the clogging and tearing of fishing gears, thereby affecting their livelihoods and income. It has equally led to the release of offensive odour in the coastal communities and its mass has been a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Conclusion: The occurrence of Sargassum seaweed has been of no direct benefit to the fisherfolks and coastal environments. It has, however, indirectly provided employment opportunities for young men who cleared its debris and provided a diversified source of income to the fishing households. Thus, it was recommended that in-depth research should be specially conducted on Sargassum through collaborative efforts by relevant institutions to explore the potential benefits of Sargassum seaweed as done in some Caribbean countries.

*Folalu Adekunle AWE1, Ebere Lilian CHIDI-EZEH1 and Gabriel Olarinde MEKULEYI1

Introduction: The identification of bacterial species from catfish is an important tool useful on the gene bank on fish bacteria. Aim: This study assessed the use of ultra-violet (UV) light in the treatment of fish pathogens isolated from the eggs of catfish (clarias gariepinus). Materials and Methods: Nine broodstocks of Clarias gariepinus were used. Their eggs were stripped, collected and taken to the laboratory of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nigeria for culturing, microbial analysis of the eggs and DNA extraction of bacteria from nutrient broth and amplicon taken for molecular characterization. Bio-edit software was used for importing and mining nucleotide sequences into gene bank. Results: The molecular examination of the Clarias gariepinus eggs showed the presence of five bacterial species namely Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas putida, and Staphylococcus succinus. Prior to UV treatment, on the basis of percentage of similarity, Bacillus species was the most predominant bacterial species isolated from the eggs of the fish sample with 92.95% similarity. Escherichia coli with 91.83% closely followed while the least was recorded in Pseudomonas putida with 84.89%. After exposure to UV treatment, only Bacillus species and Klebsiella pneumonia were detected with % similarity of 96.87% and 90.33% respectively. Pseudomonas putida had the highest nucleic acid (5707.3 ng/µl), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (4770.1 ng/µl) while the least nucleic acid was recorded in Bacillus subtilis (1299.5 ng/µl). Conclusion: The ultra-violet (UV) light contributed immensely towards the reduction of microbes and its nucleic acid contents in the fish eggs, however in order to preclude adverse effects on egg and survival, UV irradiation, of (200–280 nm) is advised.

*Folalu Adekunle AWE, Gabriel Olarinde MEKULEYI1, Lateef Akorede BADMOS1, and Hammed Kolawole SHITTU2

Introduction: The gene bank on fish diseases is usually enriched via information on the existing and emerging microorganisms. Aim: This study evaluated the bacterial organisms associated with eggs of cultured Catfish broodstock collected from a private Fish Farm in Ogun State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fish samples were taken to the Microbiology laboratory, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta Ogun State, for egg microbial analyses. The amplicon was taken to International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, for molecular characterization while Bio-edit was used for importing and mining nucleotide sequences into gene bank. Results: The results revealed that the following bacterial organisms were present in the eggs of Clarias gariepinus: Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter gerneri, Enterobacter cloacae, Acinetobacter haemolyticus and Aeromonas caviae. Based on the similarity percentage of sequence generated and matched on NCBI database, Enterobacter cloacae had 98.36% similarity, with Acinetobacter haemolyticus of 97.21%, and Pseudomonas stutzeri with 80.48%. Acinetobacter gerneri and Aeromonas caviae had 88.08% and 93.75% similarity percentage respectively. Conclusion: Bacteria were found in the eggs of cultured catfish, although some of them are free-living water bacteria and may not pose any threat.

*Gabriel Olarinde MEKULEYI, Prince Emeka NDIMELE and Isa Olalekan ELEGBEDE

Introduction: Phthalates are organic substances frequently used in many industries. In recent times, some phthalates have been demonstrated to be endocrine disruptors and detrimental to human health. Aim: Sequel to this development, this study deem it fit to examine the levels of phthalates (Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), Diethyl phthalate (DEP), Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Benzyl butyl phthalate(BBP), Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) and Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP)) in Oreochromis niloticus and Scomber scrombrus collected from Ojo and Agboju markets in Lagos State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Fish samples were collected and analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Phthalate Esters’ methodology while variance in the quantitative data were statistically tested using t-test analysis. Results: The concentrations of DEP, DBP, BBP, DEHP and DNOP in µg/g for Oreochromis niloticus from both markets were not significantly different (p>0.05). However, DMP was not detected in O. niloticus and Scomber scrombrus at both markets. On the contrary, the concentrations of Dibutyl phthalate (5.43±0.06µg/g) and Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (6.78±0.06 µg/g) in S. scombrus from Agboju market were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that from Ojo market. Conclusion: The level of all phthalates detected in O. niloticus (from both markets) and S. scombrus (from Ojo markets) were within the permissible levels of < 5 µg/g in fish. However, the level of Dibutyl phthalates and Bis (2-ethylhexyl phthalates) in S. scombrus from Agboju markets exceeded the permissible limit. Hence, sellers and processors of the fish species are enjoined to embrace hygienic practices to avert further contamination of the fish.

Stephen Olubusoye Ajagbe,1 Abiodun Solomon Kehinde,1 Musiliyu Oladipupo Mustafa1,Olajumoke Celinah Odeyale2,Idongesit Gabriel Akinyemi1, and Ruth Oluwaseun Ajagbe3

Nigeria is endowed with a rich diversity of wildlife resources that contribute to the sustainability of the environment, food and livelihood security, human health, the national economy, the maintenance of forest ecological services, and ecosystem health. However, these wildlife resources are under serious threats, and many are vulnerable, even near extinction, due to the increase in population growth, unsustainable exploitation rate, and destruction of habitats, more pronounced as deforestation, inter alia. Wildlife exploitation follows three overlapping trends that include periods of more abundance, sustainable, and non-sustainable wildlife populations. It is saddening to observe that the exploitation of wildlife has always been found in the third phase, where natural processes of regeneration are not able to cope with the overexploitation of high magnitude (FRN, 2015). The outcomes of this are loss, displacement, endangered, threatened, and extinction of wildlife species. It is noted, according to the IUCN Red List 2013, that Nigeria has a total of 309 threatened species in the following taxonomic categories: mammals (26), birds (19), reptiles (8), amphibians (13), fish (60), mollusks (1), and other invertebrates (14). Therefore, the Nigerian government has set up some agencies to enforce wildlife policies to regulate and manage the exploitation of wildlife resources, with an emphasis on the conservation of wildlife populations and habitats and the sustainable utilization of wildlife resources.

Sheu, A. L.1, Aremu, O. A.2, Azeez, I. A.1, Suleman, K. O.3, Oyeshola, H. O.3

The study examines the network variability of GSM in Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria using MTN, Globacom, Airtel and 9Mobile networks. The requisite data is composed through the drive test technique. Four infinix cell phones are installed on Network Signal Info software to enable per minute logging of the lunched signal strength and quality. The composed data were keyed into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software for quantitative analysis. The network signal variability is substantiated using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for data analysis of signal strength and quality. The results show signal strength and quality average values of -66.59 ,-76.59 ,-86.29 and -92.78 likewise 84.26, 64.28, 44.48 and 42.54 for MTN, Globacom, Airtel and 9Mobile network systems respectively. The result shows that the signal quality variability in MTN, Globacom as well as Airtel network in the study area was not statistically significant as . This justified the fairly dissemination of MTN, Globacom and Airtel signal quality and its inconsequential variations across the entire city of Oyo Town. Conversely, the variation in quality of 9Mobile network shows statistically significant values as . The feeble signal quality results to poor communication and calls distortion across the research areas. The study affirms that MTN and Globacom are the best networks for transaction at Oyo followed by Airtel and 9Mobile. The study hereby recommends the installations of relevant facilities and Base Transceiver stations (BTS) to improve the strength and quality of the mobile network signals in Oyo Town

Ayofe M. Hammed1*, Olusegun O. Fajana2, Albert O. Amosu3, Mutmainat A. Sanuth1, Olusola O.Babalola4, Mercy R.Adetayo1, Gbemisola C. Sapara1, and Abdulrahman O. Issa1

This study evaluated the quality of fatty acids compositions in Coptodon zillii, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, and Clarias gariepinus from Ojo Lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria. Specimens of C. gariepinus, H. bidorsalis and C. nigrodigitatus and C. zillii were procured from Ojo landing site, Ojo, Lagos, stored in an ice chest at 4ºC and conveyed to the Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical laboratory sections of the College of Medicine University of Lagos, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria, for analyses. The saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were determined using gas chromatography method. Results showed no significant difference (P> 0.05) in all species examined. The PUFA/SFA ratio were above the specified range of 0.4 by FAO, which make them healthier for consumption. From 0.4 in C. gariepinus, to 1.95 in C. nigrodigitatus, 2.04 in H. bidorsalis, and 6.59 in C. zillii. It also shows that these species are rich in PUFAs such as EPA, DHA and LA. Hence the species are safe and healthy for consumption, and can be incorporated into the diet by dietician as a food materials containing appreciable measures of healthy fats.

Abdul-Azeez A. Anjorin1,2, Ghazal A. Adegbesan1, Ayomide M. Dada1, Saburi A. Sayid1, Mary T.Ojikutu1, Ilerioluwa O. Kilani1, Roosevelt Anyanwu3,4, Olumuyiwa B. Salu3,4,5, Sunday A. Omilabu3,4,5,6

A total of 1.3 million people died from tuberculosis (TB) in 2022 (including 167,000 individuals with HIV) with a large proportion of them from sub-Saharan Africa. Unfortunately, there is paucity of data on influenza virus in both tuberculosis and HIV patients in Nigeria. Hence this study was designed to investigate influenza virus in tuberculosis and HIV patients attending chest clinics in Lagos State. A total number of 400 samples were collected from four different health facilities including three general hospitals and one tertiary institution health center. The population consists of 32.8% (131/400) males and 67.2% (269/400) females of which 11% (30/269) were pregnant. Their age ranged from 7 to > 65 years. Nasopharyngeal samples were extracted for influenza RNA with QIAamp mini kit followed by RT-PCR amplification. TB and HIV tests were performed as part of clinical management. Of the total patients tested, 26.8% (90/336) were HIV positive, 7.3% (29/400) had malaria parasitaemia, 2.5% (10/400) had tuberculosis and 1.8% (7/400) was asthmatic. Furthermore, the result showed 2.3% (9/400) low molecular prevalence to influenza A virus out of which 66.7% (6/9) were females. Interestingly, out of the nine (9) influenza A virus positive patients, 66.7% (6/9) had HIV, 44.4% (4/9) had TB while 33.3% (3/9) were co-infected with TB and HIV. Ikorodu General Hospital accounted for 55.6% (5/9) molecular prevalence to influenza while 44.4% (4/9) was recorded in Badagry General Hospital. In conclusion, this study is the first report of molecular detection of influenza virus in TB and HIV patients in Nigeria. The co-infection of influenza virus in TB and HIV patients underscores the need for a national surveillance and provision of influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs for the affected individuals.

Olusegun B. SAMUEL1*, Mulikat O. KING1

Introduction: Aquatic organisms, especially fish, are highly sensitive to environmental changes that can profoundly affect their physiological processes essential for survival. Physico-chemical factors such as salinity and pH exert significant influences on osmoregulation and ion balance, which are critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis in fish. Aims: This study aims to explore how varying levels of salinity and pH affect plasma electrolyte concentrations in Clarias gariepinus, focusing on potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), and bicarbonate (HCO3−) ions. The objective is to understand the physiological responses of C. gariepinus to these environmental factors and their potential as biomarkers for assessing aquatic ecosystem health. Materials and Methods: Juvenile C. gariepinus was exposed to different salinity levels (4 ‰, 6 ‰, 8 ‰) and pH levels (4, 6, 8) over 21 days. Plasma electrolyte concentrations were measured using an SFRI ISE 6000 Electrolyte Analyser. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and DMRT to identify significant differences (p < 0.05) among experimental groups. Results: The study found significant variations in K+, Cl−, Na+, and HCO3- concentrations in C. gariepinus across different salinity and pH conditions. K+ levels decreased with increasing salinity, indicating stress-induced responses, while pH variations had less pronounced effects on K+ regulation. Cl− concentrations increased with higher salinity levels, suggesting adaptive osmoregulatory strategies. Na+ levels showed significant fluctuations across salinity and pH conditions, whereas HCO3− levels responded uniquely to changes in these parameters, demonstrating adaptive mechanisms in acid-base balance. Conclusion: This research underscores the adaptive responses of C. gariepinus to fluctuations in salinity and pH, highlighting their ability to maintain plasma electrolyte balance under varying environmental conditions. These findings contribute to understanding the ecophysiological adaptations of C. gariepinus and suggest the potential utility of plasma electrolytes as biomarkers for assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems.

Morufat A. LI-HAMMED1*, Taofikat A. ADESALU1, Nimisha TRIPATHI2, Olayinka T. ASEKUN3

The diverse biochemical profiles of microalgae, particularly Dunaliella salina and Spirulina platensis, make them essential to biotechnological fields. These microalgae stand out for their high biomass production and capacity to store important materials including proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids in a variety of environmental settings. This work provides a comprehensive evaluation that compares these two popular microalgal species, closely examining important characteristics such organic matter, pigments, carotenoids, carbohydrates, and proteins, along with moisture content, ash content, and ash-free dry weight. The investigation validated the exceptional ability of Dunaliella salina to store protein and β-carotene, indicating its potential use in nutraceutical applications. On the other hand, Spirulina platensis showed increased protein content, which strengthened its standing as a helpful dietary supplement. Spirulina's somewhat higher carbohydrate content suggests that the biofuel industry may find use for it. By identifying each microalga's distinct characteristics in more detail, proximate analysis provided important new information about their potential applications in biotechnology. This thorough characterisation clarifies their inherent benefits notwithstanding the impact of environmental factors and strain selection on their biochemical makeup. By highlighting these qualities, the study advocates for the sustainable use of Dunaliella salina and Spirulina platensis as answers in the rapidly evolving field of biotechnology, and it lays out a path for their advanced usage in a variety of industries, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels.

Yakub Tunde OYEB1, Azeez SULAIMON2, Abdulafeez Olalekan ABDULKAREEM1, Kazeem AdekunleSHONIBARE1,

Sales forecasting is a crucial aspect of business management, which involves predicting future sales based on historical data and market trends. Accurate sales forecasts are essential for effective decision-making, such as inventory management, production planning, and resource allocation. This study explores the application of mathematical modelling in sales forecasting. A case study approach was used to demonstrate how mathematical modelling can be deployed to develop accurate sales forecasts. Specifically, historical sales data and market trends were used to develop mathematical models, including regression analysis, and time series analysis, to predict future sales.

Oluwakemi O. TOVIDE1*, Peter S. ADEWALE2, Olubunmi A. ADEWUSI1, Olayinka O. FOLORUNSHO1

Heavy metals are metallic elements that have relatively high densities, atomic weights or atomic numbers. The rapid growth of industrialization and population is a leading cause of heavy metal pollution. In the present study, water, sediment and fish from Totowu River located at Ado-odo, Otta in Ogun State were analysed for concentration of five major heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Co and Pb) using Atomic Absorption spectroscopy (AAS). 0.016-0.030 mg/L, 0.00-0.123 mg/L and 0.078-0.269 mg/L for Cu, Cr and Pb were obtained respectively for water. Sediments gave concentrations of 0.057-0.137 mg/L, 0.00-0.191 mg/L and 0.102-0.578 mg/L for Cu, Cr and Pb respectively. The result for heavy metals analysis of fish gave concentrations of 0.025-0.103 mg/L, 0.00-0.189 mg/L and 0.111-0.602 mg/L for Cu, Cr and Pb respectively. Cadmium and Cobalt were not detected in all the samples. The obtained results showed that average value of Pb were high in sequence from Fish > sediment > water in the study area and are higher than allowed permissible concentration of WHO. The result confirms that Totowu River is contaminated and could be dangerous for human health. Regular monitoring and effective clean-up are therefore recommended.