Babatunde A. Idowu1, Kehinde, S. Oyeleke2, Cornelius O. Ogabi1, Olasunkanmi I. Olusola2

Introduction: Chaos is a state of dynamical systems whose apparently random states of disorder and irregularities are often governed by deterministic laws that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. In this work, the projective synchronization of two identical three­dimensional chaotic system with quadratic and quartic nonlinearities was considered as well as the equilibrium and stability analysis of the system. The projective synchronization with same and different scaling factors was carried out in order to establish its synchronization. Aim: To achieve projective synchronization of two identical three­dimensional chaotic system with quadratic and quartic nonlinearities synchronizing to a scaling factor and also present the equilibrium and stability analysis of the system. Methods: We employed the adaptive synchronization technique to achieve projective synchronization of the system (master and slave) with different scaling factors, beta and the fourth­order Runge­Kutta algorithm was used for numerical solutions. Results: In this work, the projective synchronization of two identical threedimensional systems with quadratic and quartic nonlinearities was achieved with the same and different scaling factors, beta. The equilibrium and stability analysis of the system was also presented. Conclusion: The investigated projective synchronization behaviour of two identical three­dimensional system with two nonlinearities (quadratic and quartic) was achieved for cases where the scaling factor is the same and when different. This shows that projective synchronization can be achieved for systems with varying nonlinearities even when the scaling factor is different and this suggests its use in communication using chaotic wave forms as carriers, perhaps with a view to securing communication.

Ashiribo Senapon WUSU

Introduction: Generally, classical numerical methods may not be well suited for problems with oscillatory or periodic behaviour. To overcome this deficiency, they are modified using a technique called exponential fittings. The modification makes it possible to construct new methods suitable for the efficient integration of oscillatory or periodic problems from classical ones. Aims: In this work, a two–parameter family of exponentially–fitted Obrechkoff methods for approaching problems that exhibit oscillatory or periodic behaviour is constructed. Materials and Methods: The construction is based on a six­step flowchart described in the literature. Results: Unlike the single–frequency method in the literature, the constructed methods depend upon two frequencies which can be tuned to solve the problem at hand more accurately. The leading term of the local truncation error of the new family of method can also be easily obtained from the given general expression. The efficiency of the new methods is demonstrated on some numerical examples Conclusion: This work provides extension to the results obtained in by authors in the literature.

*ChionyeduaT.Onwordi1&2and PercyC.Onianwa2

Introduction The rapid growth of industry types has resulted in increased discharge of effluents into water bodies. Aim The study aimed at establishing a pattern in effluent load according to industry types in Lagos metropolis. Materials and methods The industry types studied were pharmaceuticals, textiles, paints, foods and beverages, basic metals, and conglomerates. Effluent samples were collected bimonthly over a period of 20 months. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, alkalinity, total hardness, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and heavy metals were determined in the effluents according to APHA methods. Result Physicochemical characteristics (mg/L) of effluents from textile and pharmaceutical industries were 1160±890 and 630±260 for TDS, 316±280 and 230±97 for alkalinity, 60±32.and 53±44 for total hardness, 156±73 and 34±36 for sulphate, 1.0±0.3 and 0.7±0.6 for phosphate, 60.0±40.0 and 75±45 for nitrate, 1.8±1.7 and 1.3±1.2 for DO, 209±72 and 150±96 for BOD, 343±130 and 245±140 for COD, 0.7±0.3 and 0.5±0.2 for Zn, 1.5±1.0 and 0.3±1.1 for Cu, 2.5±0.3, 0.03±0.03 for Cr and corresponding pH was 10.6±1.1 and 5.5±1.2 respectively. Effluents from other industry types had lower levels of TDS, alkalinity, phosphate. Conclusion The results showed textile and pharmaceutical industries having higher pollution load in pH, BOD and COD.

Gabriel Atanbiyi¹, Benjamin Aribisala¹’², Oluwayemisi Nyaaku1 and Olusola Olabanjo¹

University ranking has become increasingly important in recent years because it creates a platform for competition amongst universities and also serves as a marketing tool in communicating performances of universities which could help them to build international reputation. Also, ranking could serve as a guide for prospective students seeking admission into tertiary institutions. There are many ranking systems used by developed nations but some of the parameters employed by these internationally accepted ranking systems, such as economy activity and employers rating of universities, are not easily available in the developing world, and some parameters that are important in developing nations such as number of programmes with full accreditation, proportion of academic staff at professorial cadre and students’ completion rate are not included in the global rating. Hence, an objective ranking system that will capture the parameters relevant to the universities in developing nation is desirable. Here, we propose an objective ranking system that will capture the peculiarities of the universities in developing nations. Ten existing ranking systems were considered in this study and seventeen criteria were identified from them and used to propose a new ranking system. Some of the criteria used are number of full professors in the university, h-index of the university and the total number of students in the university. Weights were objectively computed for each criterion and used in developing the proposed system. The proposed system was implemented using Nigerian Universities and web crawling techniques were developed and employed to extract the values of the criteria for each of the universities used as a case study. A total score based on the weight of criteria was calculated for each university and used for ranking. System implementation was carried out using PHP and Python. The best five universities from the proposed ranking system were University of Ibadan, Obafemi Awolowo University, University of Lagos, University of Benin and University of Ilorin. The proposed ranking system will give an objective, better and more reliable ranking result for universities in developing nations than other existing ranking systems because it contains realistic and objective parameters available in developing nations.

Babafemi Oluropo MACAULAY1, Soji Alabi AKANDE2, Olusola Aanu OLABANJO1, Boluwaji Adeola AKINNUWESI1 and Benj

Introduction: Breast cancer is the highest cause of cancer-related mortality among women globally. It is documented that 15% of all female cancer is breast cancer. Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in its earliest stage remains the only way to improve its outcome and reduce mortality, thus early and accurate diagnosis of breast cancer is important. Early detection of breast cancer among women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is very challenging to say the least as factors such as low knowledge of breast cancer, lack of awareness of early detection treatment, treatment cost, poor perception of breast cancer, socio-cultural factors such as belief, traditions and fears affect health seeking behaviour of African women but there is limited research efforts in computational approach to diagnosis of breast cancer in SSA. Aim: Here, we propose a novel diagnosis model for African women using Random Forest (RF) machine learning technique. Methods: Study data comprised of technical indicators for breast cancer diagnosis, collected from breast cancer patients attending oncology clinic in Lagos State University teaching hospital. A total of 180 subjects were studied out of which 90 were confirmed cases of breast cancer and 90 were benign. Nine diagnostic parameters were included. These are clump thickness, marginal adhesion, uniformity of cell size, uniformity of cell shape, single epithelial cell, bare nuclei, bland chromatin, normal nucleoli and mitosis. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used for feature selection and RF model was used for classification. Results: The RF model gave an accuracy of 98.23%, sensitivity of 95.24%, and specificity of 100.00% and Area under curve (AUC) of 98%. Conclusion: The proposed Random Forest model has a good potential at classifying breast cancer in African women. Adoption of computational diagnosis approach in SSA can lead to early diagnosis and reduction of mortality rate.

Gbemisola Saibu1, Oluwatosin Benedict Adu1, Francis Faduyile2, Oluwadamilare Iyapo3, Kayode Adekunle1,Abimbola Stella1, Sedoten Ogun1

Introduction: Solanum nigrum is a common herb that grows wild and abundantly in open fields. Solanum nigrum has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Most animal studies have been on the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Solanum nigrum leaf, this study focuses on the whole leaf. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant potential and effect of the whole leaf of S. nigrum on liver function parameters in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups of 5 rats each. Solanum nigrum leaves rinsed,air-dried, milled and administered orally to the rats at two doses (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg body weight in 1% CMC) for seven days. The control group received 1ml of 1% CMC orally for seven days. On the eight day, animals were sacrificed and cardiac blood collected into plain bottles. Standard methods were used to determine serum nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, gluthathione peroxidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. One gram portion of the organs (heart, kidney, liver and spleen) were fixed in formal saline for histopathological examination of 2 animals per group. Results: Solanum nigrum had an LD50 greater than 1000mg/kg body weight without symptoms associated with toxicity. Nitric oxide concentration was significantly lower (p<0.05) in the S. nigrum groups (92.0-118.33mM) compared to the control (238.00mM) whereas gluthathione peroxidase was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The effects on these parameters were not dose dependent. There was no significant change in liver function parameters in all the groups. The histopathological screening of the control and test groups showed normal profile indicating no morphological alterations in the heart, liver, kidney and spleen of the rats. Conclusion: This results indicates the antioxidant effect of Solanum nigrum leaf. It also showed that the consumption of S. nigrum leaves at the chosen doses had no adverse effect on the organs of the rats. Further work will need to be done at higher doses, for longer duration and on both sexes of animals.

Segun Adeola1, Habeeb Bankole1 Kanmodi Rahmon1

Introduction: Soursop (Annona muricataLinn) is an edible lowland tropical fruit-bearing tree that is widely cultivated across regions of the world. It has been extensively researched as a result of its store of acetogenin; a potent anticancer agent. However, there is a dearth of information on the precise mechanism of action of acetogenin. It is therefore imperative to investigate this plant in the hope of discovering a different class of anticancer agent inherent in it. Various studies have demonstrated that cysteine protease inhibitors (CPIs) have considerable therapeutic potential which can be utilized in a variety of disease states including cancer. Aims: Study was designed to isolate, purify and characterize CPI from the fruits and seeds of Soursop. Materials and Methods:Isolation and purification of CPI were achieved by simple methods consisting of ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Mode of inhibition, optimum pH and temperature, as well as the effect of metals on the enzyme activity was determined using spectrophotometry. Results:The purified CPI from seeds and fruits exhibited competitive and noncompetitive inhibition against papain respectively. However, maximal inhibitory activities for both fruit and seed samples were observed at similar optimal pH and temperature of 8 and 40°C respectively. Although, metal cations such as cobalt (Co2+), copper (Cu2+) and zinc (Zn2+) did not impact a considerable decrease on the inhibitory activity of the CPI; Lead (Pb2+), Magnesium (Mg2+) and manganese (Mn2+) significantly inhibited CPI at a very low concentration (1mM). Conclusion: The antagonistic properties exhibited by the purified CPI certainly indicate its likely suitability for pharmaceutical application in the treatment of some pathological conditions such as cancer, in which uncontrolled proteolytic activities of cysteine proteases are implicated. There is an ample scope for further research on structure elucidation and protein engineering to facilitate its usage in a wide range of application.

*1Ayotunde Abosede Adu, and2Oluwatoyin Joseph Aderinola

Introduction: Edible plants are the major source of diet, and their contamination with toxic metals may result in catastrophic health hazards. . Aims: This study was conducted to analyse the heavy metal levels in Amanranthus viridis, Celosia argentea, and Ocimum gratissimum grown in selected farmlands around Lagos State University using Atomic Absorption Spectrometers (AAS). Materials and Methods: Dry ashing method was used to destroy the organic matter to determine the content of the heavy metals. The level of the following heavy metals (Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and Chromium (Cr).) were determined in the soil and edible portion of the vegetables. Results:The results showed that the mean concentration of heavy metals dry weight are: Cu(0.072± 0.014 mg/kg), Fe (0.761± 0.140 mg/kg) Pb (0.006± 0.001 mg/kg) and Cr (0.008± 0.002 mg/kg) for Amaranthus viridis,0.004± 0.002 mg/kg- Pb, 0.113± 0.158 mg/kg- Fe, 0.032± 0.003 mg/kg- Cu in Celocia argentea, 0.025± 0.004 mg/kg- Pb, 0.111±0.002 mg/kg Fe in Ocimum gratissimum were recorded in Sport center (site A). The value of heavy metal contamination obtained from School gate (site B) ranged from 0.072± 0.006 mg/kg- Pb to 0.742± 0.066 mg/kg- Fe in Amaranthus viridis, 0.007± 0.0 mg/kg- Pb to 0.450± 0.111 mg/kg- Fe in Celosia argentea, 0.030± 0.005mg/kg- Fe to 0.051± 0.044 mg/kg- Pb in Ocimum gratissimum. The value of heavy metal contamination obtained from PPL (site C) ranged from 0.037± 0.004 mg/kg -Cu to 0.559± 0.080 mg/kg- Fe in Amaranthus viridis, 0.011± 0.001 mg/kg Cr to 0.474± 0.151 mg/kg Fe in Celosia argentea, 0.007± 0.008 mg/kg Pb to 0.048± 0.017 mg/kg Fe in Ocimum gratissimum. Conclusion: The levels of heavy metals determined in the analyzed Vegetable samples were found to be below the permissible limits set by World Health Organization, thus they are safe for human consumption.

*Muibat Fashola1, Kehinde Adebiyi1, Ahmeed Ashade1, Adebola Oduyebo1, Habeeb Jimoh1

Introduction: Indiscriminate dumping of spent oils enriched with heavy metals has led to increase in heavy metals load in the soil. Heavy metal exerts toxic effects on biodegradation of organic pollutant in co-contaminated soil and there is need to find suitable strategies for their removal. Aim: Our aim was to assess the tolerance ability of the indigenous Bacillus spp in crude oil polluted soil to the presence of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Materials and Methods: Heavy metal tolerance bacteria was isolated from the crude oil polluted soil using Luria-Berthani agar supplemented with the respective metals and spread plate techniques. The isolates obtained were putatively identified using their colonial morphology and biochemical characteristics and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern were evaluated using disc diffusion method. Results: The maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) of the four heavy metals to the selected isolates was 2 mM. Four bacteria isolates able to withstand the MTC were putatively identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus laterosporus and Bacillus polymyxa. Out of the four Bacillus species, only B. laterosporus did not show multiple tolerance to the tested antibiotics which show that there is correlation between heavy metal tolerance and antibiotics resistance by the isolates. Conclusion: Multiple heavy metal tolerance Bacillus spp were isolated from crude oil polluted soil. These bacteria could be suitable agents for bioaugmentation of crude oil polluted soil co-contaminated with heavy metals. Key words: Antibiotics resistance, Bacillus spp, Crude oil, Multiple tolerances, Heavy metals. Introduction: Indiscriminate dumping of spent oils enriched with heavy metals has led to increase in heavy metals load in the soil. Heavy metal exerts toxic effects on biodegradation of organic pollutant in co-contaminated soil and there is need to find suitable strategies for their removal. Aim: Our aim was to assess the tolerance ability of the indigenous Bacillus spp in crude oil polluted soil to the presence of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Materials and Methods: Heavy metal tolerance bacteria was isolated from the crude oil polluted soil using Luria-Berthani agar supplemented with the respective metals and spread plate techniques. The isolates obtained were putatively identified using their colonial morphology and biochemical characteristics and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern were evaluated using disc diffusion method. Results: The maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) of the four heavy metals to the selected isolates was 2 mM. Four bacteria isolates able to withstand the MTC were putatively identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus laterosporus and Bacillus polymyxa. Out of the four Bacillus species, only B. laterosporus did not show multiple tolerance to the tested antibiotics which show that there is correlation between heavy metal tolerance and antibiotics resistance by the isolates. Conclusion: Multiple heavy metal tolerance Bacillus spp were isolated from crude oil polluted soil. These bacteria could be suitable agents for bioaugmentation of crude oil polluted soil co-contaminated with heavy metals. Key words: Antibiotics resistance, Bacillus spp, Crude oil, Multiple tolerances, Heavy metals. Introduction: Indiscriminate dumping of spent oils enriched with heavy metals has led to increase in heavy metals load in the soil. Heavy metal exerts toxic effects on biodegradation of organic pollutant in co-contaminated soil and there is need to find suitable strategies for their removal. Aim: Our aim was to assess the tolerance ability of the indigenous Bacillus spp in crude oil polluted soil to the presence of nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr). Materials and Methods: Heavy metal tolerance bacteria was isolated from the crude oil polluted soil using Luria-Berthani agar supplemented with the respective metals and spread plate techniques. The isolates obtained were putatively identified using their colonial morphology and biochemical characteristics and their antibiotics susceptibility pattern were evaluated using disc diffusion method. Results: The maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) of the four heavy metals to the selected isolates was 2 mM. Four bacteria isolates able to withstand the MTC were putatively identified as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus laterosporus and Bacillus polymyxa. Out of the four Bacillus species, only B. laterosporus did not show multiple tolerance to the tested antibiotics which show that there is correlation between heavy metal tolerance and antibiotics resistance by the isolates. Conclusion: Multiple heavy metal tolerance Bacillus spp were isolated from crude oil polluted soil. These bacteria could be suitable agents for bioaugmentation of crude oil polluted soil co-contaminated with heavy metals.

ANTHONY.B. OJEKALE1, PATRICK AKAS.2, CHIONYEDUA. T. ONWORDI3 and MALIK.O.LASISI*1

Background: Exploration/exploitation of crude oil has impacted positively on the Nigerian economy and negatively on its environment. This study assessed the impact presence of an oil well has on Manihot esculenta and quality of surface water in Aguleri, South Eastern Nigeria. Results: Cassava proximate results; moisture content (5.25), carbohydrate (71.38%), crude protein (9.10%), crude fibre (5.20%), ash content (4.01%) and crude fat (1.56%). Copper concentrations (13.8 mg/kg, WHO, 73.30mg/kg), Nickel (3.2 mg/kg, WHO, 67.9mg/kg), cadmium (0.2mg/kg WHO, 0.2mg/kg), all within permissible levels in Manihot esculenta, while Iron (158.5mg/kg, WHO 50mg/kg), manganese (7.0mg/kg, WHO 2mg/kg), chromium (6.1 mg/kg, WHO 0.05mg/kg), cobalt (2.5 mg/kg, WHO 0.1mg/kg) and lead (1.8 mg/kg WHO 0.3mg/kg) concentrations were higher than the WHO allowable levels. All parameters analyzed in water samples; (pH, 7.05; WHO, 6.5-8.5) (conductivity, 62.30 µs/cm, WHO 500 µs/cm) (turbidity, 3.3 NTU, WHO <5) (total dissolved solids 31.50 mg/l WHO, 500mg/l), (total suspended solids, 100mg/l, WHO 500mg/l) and (nitrate, 0.5 mg/l, WHO 50mg/l) were within WHO allowable limit. Manganese and cobalt concentrations in water sample were within allowable limits, while Iron, chromium, nickel and lead (two sampling points) were not. Ash values of cassava analyzed was high. Conclusion: Water and cassava sampled have high concentrations of heavy metals, probably due to contamination from crude oil exploration and/or oil spillage. This study recommends portable water for communities close to oil well for domestic use/irrigation. Furthermore, farming activities should be in areas far removed (>19.4km) from the oil well to mitigate contamination of surface waters and farm produce.

*Rafiu B. Adegbola1, Olanike E. Abidoye1 and Ibrahim Adaranijo1

Introduction: Cassidy area, of Okokomaiko, Ojo, Lagos State, is a rapidly developing area with attendant growing population arising from the presence of University, financial institutions and popularly known Alaba market. Unfortunately, water supply by the water corporation is not readily available. The inhabitants only rely on the surface water and groundwater extracted from hand dug wells and boreholes. Aims: The study is to map the aquiferous zone and establish the groundwater flow direction, with a view to averting subsurface contamination emanated from dumpsite within the area. Materials and Methods: Twenty five (25) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) using Schlumberger electrode array, four (4) Electrical Resistivity imaging using Wenner Electrode Array were acquired at four different traverses. Manual groundwater flow direction was also conducted. Results: The identified unconfined aquifer was sand/sandy clay which is overlain by peat/clay soil that is loose and may allow downward migration of the contaminant plumes to deep groundwater. However, the confined aquifer observed to occur approximately at depth 18 m. The electrical resistivity distribution observed decreases upward, south and north. This implies increase in conductivity in such directions and as such indicating the contaminant could be more concentrated near-surface, north and south. Conclusion: The implication of the results obtained with respect to vulnerability to groundwater pollution is that the southern section of the aquifer is more susceptible to receive transported contaminants from the northern part of the study area. The study suggests the potential borehole should be sited in the north-eastern direction with the aid of geophysical survey.

AdenikeBoyo1, Saheed Oseni1, Abdulsalam Ibrahim2, *OlasunkanmiKesinro3, FatiaAkingbade1, MusiliyuOladepo1, Paul Okafor1, and OluwafemiAbiola1

Natural dyes extracted from the leaves and flowers of Commelino nudiflora was utilized as sensitizer in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by using a solvent system of distilled water, methanol and M HNO3 in the ratio 10: 9: 1. Also, the crude extract was purified to obtain anthocyanins from the leaves and flowers. Optical characterizations of the dyes were conducted by using UV-vis absorption and electrical characterization was determined using a solar simulator. Optical absorption for the crude extracts indicates an absorption in the visible range (400 nm) with the leaves extract showing better absorbance. Optical absorption for the purified extracts indicates the leaves extract has better absorbance though they show similar pattern. The crude flower extract has the highest efficiency of 0.00389 %. The characteristics of the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been simulated using MATLAB based on TiO2 by modifying the internal parameters. The simulated results show that the crude and purified extracts for the leaves showed a better power conversion efficiency in comparison to the flower extracts.

Tolulope S. Ewekeye1*, Aisha O. Ogungbade2, Adetayo A. Sanni3 and Oyedamola A. Oke4

Introduction: Pleurotus ostreatus (Oyster mushroom) is an eatable mushroom with an exceptional aroma and savour. It is suited to be cultivated in temperate as well as tropical climate. Aim: This research was aimed at comparing the effects of different substrates on the cultivation of P. ostreatus. Method and Materials: The substrates used in this study were cornhusk, sawdust with wood shavings, banana leaves and a combination of all the substrates. All substrates bags were inoculated with 52.5 mL teaspoon of spawn, autoclaved at 1210C and 1.1 kg/cm2 pressure and incubated under appropriate conditions both at the cropping room and fruiting chambers. The linear mycelia growth and biological efficiency were determined. Result: The time for spawn running varied between 20-60 days and time for harvesting took between 60-85 days. The maximum linear mycelia growth after spawn running, were observed on cornhusk and the longest mycelia growth time was observed on sawdust which took 60 days after spawn running. Maximum yield of P. ostreatus was obtained in cornhusk treatments with an average weight value of 92.1 g. The minimum yield observed on sawdust was 22 g and combination of all was 23 g while the banana leaves treatment gave no yield at all. The biological efficiency obtained on cornhusk was 12.43% and the lowest 2.2% was obtained on sawdust. Conclusion: Among all the substrates, cornhusk was established as the most effective substrate for the production of P. ostreatus as it best supported both the spawn running phase and the yield phase.

*Kafayat A. Fakoya1, Fatai G. Owodeinde1, Gabriel O.Mekuleyi1, Akeem A. Oyinlola1

Knowledge of food composition is crucial in the assessment of nutritional quality and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. Fish plays a major role in ensuring food and nutritional security among the poor, vulnerable and rural fishing communities. However, there is paucity of information on the nutritional value of fish species exploited by the artisanal fisheries in Nigeria. The present study was carried out to evaluate (i) the nutritional value in two locally smoked clupeids (Sardinella maderensis and Pellonula leonensis); (ii) each species in relation to recommended nutrient intakes in pre-school children(< 5 years) and elderly (men and women >70 years) and (iii) linkages between nutrient access and intake. Fresh samples were collected from Badagry Creek, smoked using local smoking kiln and analyzed according to AOAC standard method. Data were collected in duplicates and analyzed using t-test. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the proximate composition except for crude fibre between the two fish species. The percentage cover of daily recommended intake of phosphorous and calcium from the two species were very low (1. 81-3.7%; 0.023% - 0.0912%) but low to moderate for zinc (2 % - 22.50%) in pre-school children and the elderly. Sequel to the results obtained in this study, the two smoked fish species showed good nutritive qualities for human health despite the low to moderate contents of calcium, zinc and phosphorus contents.