Adetunji Adewole1, Olawunmi Olayiwola1, Stanley Udeh1

The need for information continually necessitates the gathering and analysis of data. Information is generated from data supplied by individuals and as much as individuals are willing to supply their data, they are much more concerned about their privacy. Anonymization was initially thought of to providing the needed privacy but was discovered that anonymization is prone to linkage attack. This research work investigated differential privacy as a better data privacy method by analyzing three differential privacy mechanisms; the Laplace mechanism, exponential mechanism, and the median mechanism. In this study, epsilon was used as the privacy parameter. The smaller the epsilon value is indicates a greater privacy level and a lower accuracy level of information and vice versa. Researchers tend to use smaller epsilon value as researchers are much more concerned about privacy but industrial counterparts are more concerned about information accuracy. Epsilon value is therefore generated at random depending on whether privacy or accuracy is the major point of focus. Laplace mechanism was implemented in this research work using epsilon generating model that depends on the data set. The results from this research shows an improvedgenerated epsilon value that ensures privacy while maintaining accuracy of information.

AbdulAzeez A. Anjorin*1,2,3, Olumuyiwa B. Salu2,3, Robert K. Obi2,3,4, Bamidele O. Oke2,3, Akeeb OB.Oyefolu1, Wellington A. Oyibo2, Sunday A. Omilabu2,3

Introduction: Early detection of emerging influenza virus variant is a key factor in the WHO influenza Global strategies for prevention and control. Rapid, accurate, inexpensive and portable detection systems are needed for influenza virus diagnosis and surveillance. Such a detection system should easily identify all the subtypes of influenza virus. Degenerate primers and probes designed from evolutionally conserved regions for known influenza A viruses present the best way to identify unknown subtypes of influenza A virus by polymerase chain reaction PCR and array techniques. The isothermal reactions, Nucleic Acid Sequencing Based Amplification (NASBA) and Loop-mediated isothermal Amplification (LAMP) possess great potential for influenza A virus detection especially in developing countries. However, multiplex real-time (rT) or quantitative (q) polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) remains a rapid, accurate and timesaving technique used for influenza virus detection. Aim: This manuscript explained the principles of nucleic acid amplification techniques commonly used in developing countries. Methods: Literature search was done in NCBI PUBMED, PUBMED Central and Google Scholar using words and phrases including “Influenzamolecular diagnosis, NAAT”, Molecular techniques/ methods, PCR, qPCR, NASBA, LAMP, and DNA microarray. Results: The underlining principles and basic processes involved in the application of nucleic acid amplification techniques for the detection and epidemiological surveillance of influenza virus were identified and grouped under PCR (RT-PCR and qRT-PCR) and Non-PCR (LCR, pyrosequencing, NASBA, LAMP and DNA microarray) amplifications. Conclusion: It is hoped that by understanding the techniques and basic principles of Nucleic acid amplifications, less expensive, and more convenient protocols for influenza virus detection and surveillance can be developed Keywords: Influenza, NAAT, Molecular, PCR, qPCR, Viral diagnosis.

*Prince Emeka NDIMELE1, Gabriel Olarinde MEKULEYI1, Emmanuel Fatai AUDU1, Oluseyi Olaide LAWAL1 and Joshua NWEZE1

Introduction: Heavy metal content of aquatic ecosystems is attracting global attention because of the ecological and human health risks associated with high levels of these metals in the environment. Aim: This study investigated the heavy metal content of various compartments of Ologe Lagoon in order to ascertain the safety of the consumption of fish and other resources from this water body. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected between June and November 2015, from the stations on monthly basis. Some physico-chemical parameters (alkalinity, salinity, pH, turbidity and hardness) and the levels of five heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb) in water, sediment, Eichhornia crassipes and a commercially important fish (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus) were studied using standard procedures. Results: The ranges of values of the metals in sediment were: Fe (431.10±109.75-2560.33±1101.32 mgkg–1), Zn (3.77±2.55-17.29±5.30 mgkg–1), Cu (7.45±6.55-35.21±33.79mgkg–1), Pb (5.98±2.29-12.89±4.22 mgkg–1) and Cd (0.31±0.31-0.88±0.21 mgkg–1). The concentrations of heavy metals (except Cu) in Eichhornia crassipes have exceeded FEPA and WHO maximum permissible limits. The mean concentrations of heavy metals (except Zn) in Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus were above the limit recommended by FEPA and WHO. Conclusion: The study showed that the metal load in the biota of Ologe Lagoon is increasing and this may be harmful to inhabitance of the community, who depend on the services provided by this aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, efforts should be made by all users of the water bodies especially the industries to treat their wastes before discharging them into these aquatic ecosystems.

Kayode F. Oyedele1, Rafiu B. Adegbola2*, Olanike E. Abidoye2, Titiloye-Ajose M1

Introduction: Geophysical characterization refers to the collection of information associated with subsurface features. Geotechnical involves engineering structural performance studies which are used to obtain information on the physical properties of soil and rock around a site to design earthworks and foundations for proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions. Aim: The study was aimed at characterizing the subsurface formations for the purpose of determining its capacity to withstand engineering structures. Materials and Methods: Geophysical techniques involving eight (8) vertical electrical sounding (VES) and Wenner array were carried out with two (2) traverses. Geotechnical investigation involving cone penetration test (CPT) was also carried out. Results: The results obtained were presented as 1D resistivity profiles and Pseudo-sections of 2-D. Three (3) geo-electric layers were delineated within the study area and these comprise of topsoil, peat or clay and silty sand. The CPT results were used in the calculation of bearing capacity using Bustamante and Gianeselli equation for pile foundations and Meyehorf equation to determine the maximum load the materials can withstand respectively. Conclusion: The shallow subsurface geology was adjudged to be mechanically unstable with low penetration resistance values up to the depth of 11m. The methods conformed and confirmed that shallow foundation was considered unsuitable for the intended engineering structure. Keywords: Meyehorf, Bustamante and Gianeselli, Subsurface, Geology, Unstable, Foundation.

Akeeb O .Bola Oyefolu1, Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu1,2, Abdul-Azeez A. Anjorin1, Kabiru O. Akinyemi1,

Background: Zika virus, a flavivirus primarily transmitted through bites of mosquito (Aedes aegypti), blood transfusion, sexual contact and motherto-child was named after Zika forest in Uganda where it was first isolated from a sentinel monkey in 1947. It is a positively sensed single stranded RNA virus (+ssRNA) of approximately 11000Kb in length, encoding three (3) structural and seven (7) non-structural proteins. The virus has spread across several countries of the world between 1947 and today. Between March 2015 and November 2016, about 500,000 to 1.5 million people have been reported infected with Zika virus in Brazil alone, resulting in several cases of microcephaly, severe brain and ocular malformations, abortions, Guillain-Barre syndrome and even deaths. Cases of Zika virus infections have also been documented in some African countries with resulting isolation and sequencing of several strains. In Nigeria however, the first case of Zika virus was reported as far back as 1954 in the Eastern part of the country during a research on Yellow fever. Zika virus mutant strains might have evolved with corresponding effects on man due to continuous environmental changes and human factors worldwide. Aim: This study was aimed at reviewing the state of Zika virus in Nigeria: past and present. Methods: Original research articles and reviews were searched on the NCBI, Research gate, PubMed and Google scholar using queries such as; Zika, epidemiology of Zika, pathogenesis of Zika and molecular characterization of Zika. Results: High points on virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention and management were pooled together and discussed. Conclusion: The knowledge gained from this paper will help understand the current state of Zika virus in Nigeria. Keywords: Nigeria, Zika, flavivirus, RNA, microcephaly, epidemiology, genomics.

*Olaniyi K. Yusuff1, Modinah A. O. Abdul Raheem1, Omowunmi D. Agboola1

Introduction: The conversion and utilization of agricultural wastes in environmentally friendly processes have transformed these materials into useful rather than waste materials. Aim: This study investigates the adsorption of indigo blue dye from aqueous solution onto coconut shell, a low cost agricultural waste material in a batch process. Materials and Methods: Pulverized coconut shell was chemically modified and characterized using the Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Adsorption process using the chemically modified coconut shell was studied as a function of pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Results: The results revealed that percentage of the indigo dye adsorbed from aqueous solution varied linearly with the adsorbent dose, concentration and time with maximum percentage dye adsorption of 88.4% at 70 mg dosage, 95.8% at 0.05 mg/L concentration and 90% at 1 hr contact time but varies non-linearly with pH with maximum percentage dye adsorption of 92.9% attained at pH of 5. The adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed with Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models with the Langmuir isotherm having the best fit to the adsorption process with R2 value of 0.998. The experimental data were best described by the pseudo-second order kinetics model. FTIR analyses reveal that the adsorption process was through a chemical interaction of the dye with some functional groups at the surface of the adsorbent Conclusion: The chemically modified coconut shell is an effective adsorbent for the removal of indigo dye from aqueous solution is by chemisorption process with the adsorbent surface energetically homogeneous (n < 1). Keywords: Adsorption, Indigo blue dye, Coconut Shell, Kinetics, Aqueous solution.

Sunday C. Makinde1, Regland M. Onyemeka1, Opeyemi Oyetunji1, Abisola Ogunba1 and Muinat Asuni1

Introduction: Mutation breeding is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits. Aim: This study is aimed at assessing the genetic variability among mutant lines of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) generated from a variety of tomato (Roma VF) using two different chemo-mutagens. Materials and Method: The collected seeds were exposed to different concentrations of Sodium azide and Colchicine with varied period of exposure. The seeds were planted and selected 49 positive mutant lines were assessed for morphological genetic variability and yield. 18 mutant lines that produced fruits were tagged and selected. The fruits of the selected mutants were harvested and the seeds (M2 seeds) were subsequently planted for divergence analysis. Ten quantitative characters and twenty qualitative characters were scored using IPGRI standard tomato descriptor. The potted experiment was laid out in the Green House, using Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Result: The results of this study revealed a high genetic divergence among the mutant lines in both quantitative and qualitative characters. There was significant LSD (0.05) for Germination percentage (7.66), Plant height at maturity (7.05) and Number of leaves at maturity (4.56). The yield (fresh fruit weight) varied significantly, ranging from 10.00g for LeMT29 to 319.70g for LeMT7 respectively. Fruit and plant qualitative characters equally exhibit variation. Conclusion: These observations suggest the existence of genetic variability among the different mutant tomato lines. Further selection and field trials is recommended to identify suitable and desirable lines for possible variety release. To Keywords: Mutant, Tomato, Colchicine, Sodium azide, genetic variability.

Oluwa, O.K.,1,*Olowokudejo, J.D.2and Ogundipe, T.O.2

A comprehensive systematic investigation on diagnostic petiole characters of eighteen species of Tephrosia, from family Fabaceae, tribe Milleteae. It habits the fringes often forests, and abandoned, and wastelands. A total of nine diagnostic polymorphic characters were observed, photographed, assessed,scoredand coded as Data matrix for quantitative statistical treatment. The 9 characters codes include PSY, POL, PVS, PPT, and PTE. others include PTA, PTO, PTC, and PTB. Principal Components Analysis (PC) and Cluster Analysis were carried out. Four PC were identified and Cluster analysis indicates twelve hierarchies.

Abdulrafiu Majolagbe, Ladidi Hudu

Introduction: Beautification of the skin is now a global phenomenon with both males and females engaging in the practice of body painting with little or no awareness on the toxicology of the art. The presence of toxic heavy metals as part of the constituents of the colours and dyes used in the body painting have been implicated in a number of health conditions including Blood borne diseases, Keloids and compromising the immune status. Aim: This study was, therefore, designed to determine the concentration of total heavy metals in the chemicals materials used in body painting. Materials and Methods: Twenty (20) various samples of body painting chemical materials (Natural and synthetic) were obtained in four open markets and analysed for heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Fe, Ni, Cu) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: The results observed ranged 7.09- 106, 0.31-0.50, 0.94-4.81, 0.24-0.89, 0.003-0.6 and 0.002- 0.002 (µg/g) for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd respectively in natural (Plant based) materials while in synthetic materials, the results ranged 0.31- 5.31, 0.31-0.50, 0.29-2.72, 0.11-0.91, 0.003-0.003 and 0.002-0.002 (µg/g) for Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cd respectively. The decrease order of metals in all samples investigated is Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd. Conclusion: The concentration of some of the metals investigated were relatively high and bio accumulation of these metals portend health threats. Therefore, health agencies and other regulatory bodies should enforce control on the public use of these body painting chemicals