Ronke Babatunde1, Ayodele Oloyede2, Temitayo Fagbola3, Nwaocha Vivian4, Tola Ajagbe5, RilwanShanu6.

Introduction: Query by image content (QBIC) is art of generating signatures of images and comparing such signatures with those stored in a database for the purpose of retrieval of similar content and is helpful for detection of various diseases such as breast cancer, brain tumor, spine disorder among others. Materials and Methods: The image data are acquired through Computerized Tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and mammogram. In this paper, a (QBIC) was experimented using selected distance measures to detect abnormality in mammogram images. The system was benchmarked with mini mammographic image analysis society (mini-MIAS) and breast cancer digital repository (BCDR) dataset. The experimental process includes thresholding and extraction of Region of Interest (ROI) from the mammogram using gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The extracted features were tested on Euclidean distance, Minkowski distance, Hamming distance, Mahalanobis distance, Cosine Similarity and Manhattan distance measures. The performance of the system on the distance measure was compared and evaluated on the datasets to determine the distance metric that could best identify abnormality in the samples. Results: The empirical results reveal that Mahalanobis distance measure outperforms the others in terms of retrieval time (1.26s and 1.14s) and minimal error (0.004 and 0.002) respectively for both the mini-MIAS dataset as well as the BCDR dataset, based on the similarity of images retrieved when compared to queried images. Conclusion: The implication from this research is that for a QBIC system, the choice of distance measure is an advantage over the use of classification algorithms which always requires train/test splits and validation.

Ayodele O. Oloyede1., Ovansa A. Ateiza.2, Vivian O. Nwaocha.3, Taofik T. Ajagbe.4, & Abiodun I. Aremu5.

Introduction: Globally, the rate of crime has dramatically climbed in recent years. Because of the innovative tools used by criminals, controlling crime investigations is difficult. However, a variety of research projects are being carried out in the fields of artificial intelligence and neural networks to automate crime detection and prediction, which has led to the network's strange behavior and necessitated unprecedented finetuning, hyperparameter optimization, and large datasets. For the Multimodal Biometric Crime Control System, a hybridized Convolution Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (CNN-GA) model was developed in light of the aforementioned information. Materials and Methods: Facial images and Thumbprint patterns used for the developed system were acquired from publicly available Face and Gesture Recognition Research Network (FG-Net) and Sokoto Coventry Fingerprint Dataset (SOCOFing) respectively. These images were preprocessed using histogram equalization technique to obtain uniform illumination and geometrical size. Procedurally, CNN and GA were used to extract facial and thumbprint features. The extracted features were fused into a single feature set using sum rule strategy. Based on the single feature set, faces and thumbprint pattern were recognized and classified into various individuals using support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The developed CNN-GA was evaluated using computational time (CT) and recognition accuracy (RA). Results: The result of CNN-GA on fused face and fingerprint at optimum threshold yielded RA and CT of 97.81% and 455.54s, respectively, while the corresponding values of CNN were 95.61%, and 565.02s, respectively. Also, the corresponding values of GA were 96.49% and 560.28s, respectively. Conclusion: The developed Convolution Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm technique serves as improvement over CNN and GA in terms of recognition accuracy and computational time. This technique could be integrated into emerging crime control systems towards their improved performance.

Yusuf Kayode1,2, Aghogho Ogwala3, Eugene Onori2, Emmanuel Somoye2, Rasaq Adeniji-Adele2

Introduction: Ionospheric modelling is very crucial in ionospheric studies because of paucity in data in regions where ionospheric instruments such as Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, ionosonde/digisonde, etc., are hardly available. Aim: In this research, the assessment of GPS-TEC using three ionospheric models namely: IRI-2016, IRI-Plas2017 and NeQuick-2 models in the Australian longitude sector (DAV1) for the period of 2011 – 2017 was studied. Materials and Methods: Hourly mean values of Total Electron Content (TEC) obtained from the GPS receiver at DAV1 station, and some ionospheric models were used to analyze the diurnal and seasonal variations in TEC. The prediction capability of the ionospheric models using annual Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) and annual Mean Absolute Errors (MAE) between GPS-TEC and the ionospheric models were used to assess the performances of the ionospheric models. Results: Results obtained shows highest TEC values (~42 TECU) around 5:00UT corresponding to noontime (12:00LT) and at 09:00UT corresponding to post-noon (14:00LT) hours while lowest TEC values ~2 TECU were recorded at 18:00UT (01:00LT) and at 22:00UT (05:00LT) hours of the day. The results also show higher TEC values during the equinoxes than the solstices, except for the December solstice which recorded almost equal magnitude of TEC values as observed in the equinoxes. Conclusion: Generally, this study shows that the IRI-Plas 2017 model had better performance than both the IRI-2016 the NeQuick-2 models throughout the study period, showing least RMSE and MAE values in most seasons.

Olasunkanmi Kayode Awote1*, Adesegun Gideon Adeyemo1, Sodiq Kolawole Apete1, Rasaq Bamidele Awosemo2, Habeebah Doyin Azeez1, Daniel Segun Salako1, Babajide David Kayode3, SheuOluwatobiloba Arowolo1, Oluwatobi Smith Olatunbosun1, Funmilayo Esther Olalero1

Introduction: The use of plant-mediated nanotechnology is gaining attention worldwide because of its low-cost and high efficiency in the synthesis of nano-sized particles that ranges between 1-100 nm. Aims: This study investigated the antidiabetic, antiglycation, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory potentials of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Jatropha tanjorensis leaf and stem extracts. Materials and Methods: AgNPs was synthesized using the aqueous extract of J. tanjorensis leaf and stem, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The anti-diabetic (α-amylase and α–glucosidase inhibitory assays), antiglycation (fructosamine inhibition), antioxidant (reducing power, total antioxidant capacity, DPPH and NO radical scavenging assays), and anti-inflammatory (proteinase inhibitory action and albumin denaturation inhibition) activities were evaluated using standard procedures. Results: The synthesized AgNPs showed a maximum absorption peak at 410nm and 412nm, and an average size distribution of 42.66nm and 48.33nm using the leaf and stem extracts of the plant, respectively. The synthesized AgNPs using the leaf extract (JTL-AgNPs) showed a better antidiabetic, antiglycation, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging potentials which may possibly be due to the compounds adsorbed on the surface of the synthesized AgNPs as revealed by the FTIR analysis. Conclusion: The aqueous leaf and stem extracts of Jatropha tanjorensis can be used to synthesize AgNPs, however, the JTL-AgNPs showed better potentials on investigated parameters, thus suggesting its exploration in the development of drugs for the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus and other associated free radical causing diseases.

Joseph A. Nkwoji1, Joy J. Abodunde2, Amarachi P. Onyena3*

Introduction: Contaminants generated from different human activities combine to pose stress on the benthic macroinvertebrates and alter their community structure. Aim: To evaluate the impacts of human activities on the Lagos lagoon, by examining changes in abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates. Materials and Methods: Eight sampling points with varying human impacts along the edges of the Lagos lagoon were investigated monthly between September 2020 and February 2021, for the effects of human-induced stress on the abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area. Water and benthic macroinvertebrates were collected monthly using Hydrobios Water Sampler and Van-Veen grab respectively, and analysed in the laboratory using standard methods. Results: The hydrochemistry of the stations differed significantly (P<0.05), with the exception of temperature. A total of 1390 individuals, comprising twelve species, eleven genera, six orders, four classes and three phyla were recorded. The benthic macroinvertebrates assemblage was dominated by relatively pollution-sensitive and tolerant species such as Tympanotonus fuscatus and Nereis diversicolor. There was a generally low abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates in the study area, and this may be attributed to the combined impact of different anthropogenic activities in the study area. The low abundance and diversity of benthic macroinvertebrates indicate an overall decline in water quality and ecosystem health. Conclusion: This highlights the need for better management of anthropogenic activities in the area, to maintain a healthy aquatic environment.

Babajide Elemo, Olabisi Ogunrinola, Olusegun Fajana, Rahmon Kanmodi*, Saheed Rahmon, Olivia Agu, Awa Zubaru

ABSTRACT Background: Diarrhoea remains a disease of global health concern. Less is known about the functional effects of tuber-based oral rehydration therapy (ORS) in diarrhoea pathophysiology. This study was designed to investigate the effects of tuber-based ORS on intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity and serum albumin concentration in diarrhoeic animals. Methods: Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (n=6). Group A received food and water only; Group B was induced with osmotic diarrhoea; Group C, D, E and F received standard World Health Organization (WHO)-ORS, Colocasia esculenta-ORS, Pachyrhizus erosus-ORS and Ipomoea batatas-ORS respectively, after diarrhoea induction. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, and IAP activity was evaluated using spectrophotometry. Blood collected was assessed for serum albumin concentration. Sections of the small intestine were subjected to histopathological examination. Results: Darrhoeic animals that received tuber-based ORS had higher IAP activities, compared to animals treated with WHO-ORS (p<0.05). All animals induced with osmotic diarhoea had decreased levels of serum albumin (regardless of ORS treatment), which did not vary significantly compared to the control (p<0.05). Micrographs of small intestinal tissues revealed that untreated diarrhoeic animals had depleted Brunner's gland and cellular components, while animals administered with WHO-ORS and tuber-based ORS showed improved intestinal mucosa features, similar to the control. Conclusion: The results revealed that tuber-based ORS had a higher enhancing effect on IAP activity than WHO-ORS. Tuber-based ORS and WHO ORS also showed the potential to repair intestinal mucosa damage and restore normal serum albumin concentration in animals with diarrheoa..

Ogungbe, Abiola1, Saliu, Babatunde1, Alabi, Aderemi2, Whetode, James1, Onori, Eugene1, Solola, Gbenro3, Atobatele, Olayinka3, Atanley, Pauline3

Introduction: hydrocarbon contamination of surface waters as a result of anthropogenic activity poses threat to ecosystems and counter their beneficial uses. Some indigenous microbial communities have the potential to purify such waters unaided. Aims: To show the biodegradative potential of microbial communities in Lagos and Ologe Lagoons during minimal pollution with crude oil. Materials and Methods: The total heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations were estimated from Lagos and Ologe lagoon water samples contaminated with 1% crude oil over 42-day incubation period by plate count and vapour-phase transfer techniques. Residual hydrocarbons were determined by Gas chromatography. Results: The predominant bacterial genera identified from the lagoons include Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Proteus, while Escherichia, and Morganella. Aspergillus and Mucor were the predominant fungal genera in both waters. The hydrocarbon degradation rate in the Lagos Island microcosm was 65.391±0.370 mg/l/d, degradation rate constant 0.05±0.01 /d, half-life 9.559±0.093 /d and percentage degradation of 95.315 ± 0.134. Corresponding values in the Ologe water were 61.190± 8.542 mg/l/d, 8.725 ±0.389 /d, 0.055±0.003/d and 96.345±0.488 respectively. There was almost complete disappearance of the various fractions of the oil in the two samples. The microbial communities from both lagoons effectively utilised majority of the hydrocarbon fractions after 42 days where 66.890±1.075 and 100±000 were recorded for benzene, toluene had 100±000 percent degradation, anthracene 96.755±0.119 and 99.726±0.026, and pristane had 91.674±0.222 and 99.943±0.015 while phytane had 96.44±0.058 and 99.670±0.104 respectively. Conclusion: Efficient biodegradation of moderate contamination crude oil could be achieved by indigenous microbial flora present in Lagos and Ologe lagoon waters.

Oluwakemi Yemisi Adeogun1, Oluwafemi Olutayo Okunowo1, Adebayo Owoade1, Lukmon Adeoti1, Bolaji Rafiu Adegbola2

The 2D Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) techniques were deployed for groundwater extraction at a school located in Oworoshoki, Kosofe, local government area, Lagos. This becomes necessary due to two failed existing hand dug wells within the school premises. 2D ERI data and thirty VES data were acquired along five profiles. The results revealed four to five geoelectric layers which correspond to the topsoil, clay, clayey sand, sandy clay and sand. The topsoil is characterized by resistivity values ranging from 42.5 to 3798.4 Ωm. The clay has resistivity values ranging from 7.9 to 48.1 Ωm. The sandy clay has resistivity values ranging from 21.0 to 59.0 m. The clayey sand in VES (16, 17 and 26) has resistivity values between 72.9 to 96.5 Ωm. The sand identified at the VES (1 to 18 and 22 to 30) has resistivity values of 116.7 to 1531.3 Ωm at the shallow layer which is suspected to be the seasonal aquifer where most of the existing hand dug wells were situated. The sand at the fourth to fifth layer across VES (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12 to 15, 18 and 25) with the resistivity values between 107.2 to 450.0 Ωm represents a good aquifer where groundwater could be tapped. The 2D resistivity structures were able to delineate the shallow aquifer thereby complementing the VES results. Hence, the study recommends that borehole could be sunk at depth range (39.5 to 90.3 m) in the study area.

Oluwafemi S. Obayori1, Muibat O. Fashola1, Ahmeed O. Ashade1, Idera M. Osinowo1, Afeez O. Owolabi1, Felix O. Adeola1 and Esther T. Olasufi1

Introduction: hydrocarbon contamination of surface waters as a result of anthropogenic activity poses threat to ecosystems and counter their beneficial uses. Some indigenous microbial communities have the potential to purify such waters unaided. Aims: To show the biodegradative potential of microbial communities in Lagos and Ologe Lagoons during minimal pollution with crude oil. Materials and Methods: The total heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon utilising bacterial and fungal populations were estimated from Lagos and Ologe lagoon water samples contaminated with 1% crude oil over 42-day incubation period by plate count and vapour-phase transfer techniques. Residual hydrocarbons were determined by Gas chromatography. Results: The predominant bacterial genera identified from the lagoons include Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Proteus, while Escherichia, and Morganella. Aspergillus and Mucor were the predominant fungal genera in both waters. The hydrocarbon degradation rate in the Lagos Island microcosm was 65.391±0.370 mg/l/d, degradation rate constant 0.05±0.01 /d, half-life 9.559±0.093 /d and percentage degradation of 95.315 ± 0.134. Corresponding values in the Ologe water were 61.190± 8.542 mg/l/d, 8.725 ±0.389 /d, 0.055±0.003/d and 96.345±0.488 respectively. There was almost complete disappearance of the various fractions of the oil in the two samples. The microbial communities from both lagoons effectively utilised majority of the hydrocarbon fractions after 42 days where 66.890±1.075 and 100±000 were recorded for benzene, toluene had 100±000 percent degradation, anthracene 96.755±0.119 and 99.726±0.026, and pristane had 91.674±0.222 and 99.943±0.015 while phytane had 96.44±0.058 and 99.670±0.104 respectively. Conclusion: Efficient biodegradation of moderate contamination crude oil could be achieved by indigenous microbial flora present in Lagos and Ologe lagoon waters.

Atlases Selection Model Patrick Owate1,2, Benjamin Aribisala2,3, Charles Uwadia1 and Philip Adewole1

Introduction: Multiple atlas-based parcellation model has been demonstrated to perform better than single atlas-based parcellation model in terms of accuracy of the parcellation of human brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). The weakness of the existing multiple atlas-based parcellation models is that the level of accuracy is limited if used for the ageing brain due to the presence of age-related changes such as atrophy. Aim: The aim of this study is to develop a novel multiple atlases selection model that ensures improved accuracy for the parcellation of the ageing brain by combining Cost function with the Similarity metric and Atrophy measure for atlases selection. This model is called COSA. Materials and Methods: A dataset with ten brain MRIs and ten atlases was used. A brain MRI was used one at a time as the target image while the remaining images constituted the source images. Using each target image, consensus atlases were obtained for COSA from the combination of a cost function, similarity index, and atrophy measure. These atlases were consequently used to parcellate the target image. Performance was assessed using Dice Coefficient and COSA was compared with existing atlases selection models. The existing atlases selection models investigated were Normalized Mutual Information (NMI), Mutual Information (MI), Correlation Ratio (CR), Normalized Correlation Ratio (NCR), and Least Square Error (LSE). Results: Mean of Dice Coefficient were: COSA = 0.7495196, NMI = 0.7479508, MI = 0.7473333, Jaccard Index = 0.7392522, CR = 0.7358384, NC = 0.7358043, Atrophy Measure = 0.7300867, LSE = 0.7299367, Single Atlas =0.6830223. Conclusion: Results show that COSA performs better than the existing multiple Atlas-based models.

Aidanwosa Aiwanose P.1, Abdulkareem Abdulafeez O.2

Introduction: The quest for increasing the security of data in secret-sharing schemes has attracted much attention in the world of cryptography. Several methods have been applied, and the application of the new technique, (n,n)-threshold secretsharing scheme based on equivalence classes, will be a perfect solution. Aims: The aim is to explore and construct strong knowledge in the theory and structure of the secret-sharing scheme on (n,n)- threshold secret-sharing scheme based on equivalence classes; (𝑋) = (𝑦 𝜖 𝑋: (𝑥, 𝑦)𝜖 ℝ) And achieve the following objectives: i. To investigate an (𝑛, 𝑛)-threshold secret-sharing scheme based on the equivalence classes of the prime over ℤ. ii. Investigation of the accuracy of such a scheme. Materials and Methods: The study uses the set of integers modulo a prime and modulo arithmetic on the set of integers. Results: The statistics on the coalition, security analysis, and information-theoretic efficiency are also discussed. Conclusion: The secret sharing scheme on (10,10)-threshold secret-sharing scheme based on equivalence classes of integers modulo a prime is perfect in terms of only qualified coalitions can obtain the secret and it is reliable by means of security. We have used the property of these classes to provide the reconstruction algorithms, and access structures and calculated the number of minimal coalitions of the scheme. This new system is ideal in that the size of the secret is equal to the size of the share.

Eugene Onori1, Abiola Ogungbe1 Aghogho Ogwala2, Yusuf Kayode1, Emmanuel Somoye1, Razak Adeniji-Adele1, Olorunfemi Fakunle1

Abstract: Introduction: The variation of the ionosphere is mostly studied using the critical frequency of the F2-layer (foF2) whose values can also be predicted by an ionospheric model. The widely used model for predicting ionospheric parameters is the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). Aim: This paper aims to demonstrate how well the current International Reference Ionosphere (IRI-2016) model performs in predicting the critical frequency of the F2-layer (foF2) over two equatorial stations during two extremes of solar activity phase of solar cycle 22.. Methods: The hourly foF2 experimental data collected during the Maximum Phase of Solar Activity MPSA year (1989) and Minimum Phase of Solar Activity MnPSA year (1986) at Ougadougou (Geomagnetic Latitude 0.59 oN, Geomagnetic Longitude 71.46 oE) in the African longitudinal sector and Manila (Geomagnetic Latitude 3.4 oN, Geomagnetic Longitude 191.1 oE) in the Asia longitudinal sector as well as the predicted foF2 data by the IRI-2016 model were used in this study. Sunspot data from Zurich was utilized as a measure of solar activity phase. The foF2 data were grouped into four seasons before analysis began. Comparing the seasonal means of the experimental foF2 data and the IRI-2016 modeled foF2, it was possible to determine how closely the model matched the experimental data at the different seasons and longitudinal sectors Results: The results showed that the IRI-2016 model overestimate and underestimate the observed foF2 at different periods of the day during the equinox and solstice seasons. Observation showed that the highest positive and negative percentage deviations were observed mostly during the post-midnight hours. Observation also showed that Seasonal mean values of the IRI-2016 model of both options showed remarkable improvement at this two stations since their values have little difference from the observed foF2 values. Conclusion: The discrepancy (underestimation and overestimation) in the IRI-2016 model is found larger during MPSA year than during MnPSA year. The URSI option performs better than the CCIR option since its predicted values are much closer to the observed values. Both options of the model perform better in the Asian longitudinal sector than the African longitudinal sector.

Olaoye, M. A1., Muniru, E.O1., Jegede, O.A2., Olagbaju, P.O3., Adegbola, R.B1., and Mustapha, A.O4

Introduction: Radon is a radioactive gas and one of the leading causes of cancer at high concentrations globally. Inhalation or ingestion of radon-contaminated water through drinking, cooking, or bathing has reportedly increased human health risks. Measuring radon levels in water helps assess the potential health risks associated with ingestion and inhalation. Aims: In this study, the assessment of radon activity in water in some selected places within a university community in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria, was carried out. Materials and Methods: Fifteen (15) water (groundwater and borehole water) samples were collected, and the radon concentration was measured using a DURRIDGE RAD7 H2O accessory radon detector. Results: The results of the radon activity ranged from 6.3 ± 1.7 Bq/L to 60.8 ± 5.6 Bq/L with a mean of 21.33 ± 2.95 Bq/L. Nine (9) out of the fifteen (15) water samples measured were observed to be higher than EPA’s maximum contaminant level of 11.1 Bq/L, while the other six (6) water samples were within the range. The annual effective dose values lie within 3 -10 mSv/yr., reported by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Conclusion: Water within the university community in Oshogbo, Osun State, is recommended for regular radon monitoring due to the high radon concentration above the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality. To Keywords: radon, Osogbo, water, RAD7 H2O

Oluwakemi Tovide1, Obaro Bernard Eterigho2, Peter Sanjo Adewale3

Introduction: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are common pollutants in water that have been reported to cause severe health effects in humans and harm the ecosystem. Aims: This study examined the concentrations of PAHs in different water sources used for domestic purposes in Ijegun- Egba community. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four (24) groundwater samples were collected from four sites in Ijegun-Egba. The Physicochemical parameters were determined using standard methods and PAHs were determined through Gas chromatography-flame – Flame ionization detector. Results: The appearance, odour, and temperature were within the limits of World Health Organisation (WHO). Conductivity levels were within the WHO limit (2,500µS/cm) in well water (1,400µS/cm) and borehole water (1,470 µS/cm) except for river water (4,432.5 µS/cm) which was above WHO recommended limit (2,500µS/cm). pH was within limits in all sites studied except for borehole water (pH =4.0). Among the 16 PAHs, Naphthalene (NAPH) was generally the most abundant PAH (23.89% to Σ16PAHs). There was a significant difference (at < 0.005) in the level of PAHs in the four sources of water. Conclusion: River water has the highest level of PAHs. This points to the activities of the tank farms and suggests that petrol and oil deposits find themselves either through percolation, soil runoffs, or erosion into the water bodies. The Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency should continue to monitor the activities of oil tankers in Ijegun community oil deports. Truck stations should be built outside the community and the residents should avoid the use of water from rivers in Ijegun community.

Oluwabunmi J. Omole1, Oluwatoyin A. Enikuomehin1 and Benjamin S. Aribisala

Introduction: Image searching is a continual challenge even with the many image retrieval models that have sprung up. Sketch-Based Image Retrieval (SBIR) models attempt to solve this challenge by searching using sketching. The existing SBIR algorithms have limited performance because of ambiguities and variations in hand-drawn sketches. Aims: The aim of this work was to review and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the existing SBIR models. Materials and Methods: Articles were selected from Google Scholar assessing strictly sketch construction models. Search terms include sketch construction, sketch-based image retrieval, hypermedia, multimedia, design strategies, and algorithms. Results: The search returned 455 articles of which only 134 studies met the inclusion criteria. 30 papers were on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and hybrids. 6 on Contour and Stroke Segments. 4 on Generative Adversarial Network while 3 papers were on Deep Hashing. 6 papers reported use of 3D-CNN-based methods while 85 papers used other methods like sparse coding and bag of regions. Accuracy, recall and precision ranged from 59.47% to 99.4%, 20.10% to 47.70% and 33.40% to 51.00% respectively. Conclusion: There are some promising SBIR models but lots of effort is required if computational SBIRs are to be adopted. Most studies did not include any performance metric which makes it difficult to assess the performances of the algorithms proposed. Researchers are advised to always report the performance algorithms. The future plan is to develop a robust SBIR algorithm which will accommodate handwriting ambiguity variations

Rafiu Adegbola1, James Whetode1, Oluwakemi Adeogun2, Busuyi Akeredolu3, Olajuwon Lateef1

Introduction: This technical paper will demonstrate the importance of subsurface characterization for engineering purposes such as construction and road failure. Aims: Geoelectrical method was deployed at Fountain University located at Oshogbo, Osun state with the aim of characterizing the subsurface geological layers within the premises. Materials and Methods: Seventeen (17) VES were acquired with PASI 16-GL along three 100-meter traverses. Electrical resistivity data was plotted on a log-log graph, curve matched and subjected to computer iteration software. Results: The interpreted results showed that the entire region generally consists of four to five sublayers; topsoil with resistivity values ranging between 27.5 Ωm and 967.1 Ωm at maximum depth of 0.9 m beneath the earth surface, weathered layer with resistivity values ranging between 60.8 Ωm and 505.1 Ωm at a maximum depth of 15.8 m and partly weathered layer with resistivity values ranging from 150.8 Ωm – 1130.0 Ωm at maximum depth of 26.9 m beneath the earth surface, clay with resistivity values ranging between 4.0 Ωm and 42 Ωm at maximum depth of 16.9 m beneath the earth surface, fractured basement with resistivity values ranging between 103 Ωm – 460.0 Ωm at maximum depth of 92.6 m and fresh basement with resistivity values ranging from 931 Ωm – 5432.0 Ωm. Conclusion: This study can be used as a reconnaissance material for groundwater, engineering, and environmental purposes in the surveyed area, it can also serve as a template in other similar terrain.