Cornelius O.Ogabi, Babatunde A. Idowu, Abiola S. Ogungbe, Emmanuel O Somoye, Eugene O Onori. Oluwafunmilayo O. Ometan, Rasaq Adeniji-Adele, Aghogho Ogwala.

We present Euler’s Equation of Rigid Body, its control and synchronization using active control and recursive backstepping methods. Based on Lyapunov stability theory, control laws are derived to synchronize the chaotic system and also to control to a steady state as well as track to a desired function via recursive backstepping methods. Numerical simulation are shown to verify the results.

Kafeelah Abosede Yusuf, Abdurafiu Majolagbe and Mutiu Sowemimo

Introduction The inadequacy of pipe borne water supplies in urban centers is a growing problem. In recent years, packaged waters became major sources of drinking water in the households and at work. Aim This study aimed at evaluates the physical and chemical quality of packaged water sold in some part of Lagos Metropolis. Compare the quality with that of tap water; and check compliance with respect to national and international regulatory standards. Materials and Methods Thirty tap water and fifty seven packaged water samples of different types were selected by random sampling and analysed for trace metals using atomic absorption spectrometry; Total hardness was measured titrimetically; pH, electrical conductivity and anions were measured using meters. Results and Conclusion The results showed that the concentrations of trace metals and anions in both tap and packaged waters were below the drinking water threshold values stipulated by national and international agencies, with the exception of the nitrate (NO3-), where 11 % and 20 % respectively of the bottled and sachet water samples investigated exceeded the USEPA standard of 10 mg L-1. This finding may result from the geological formations through which the ground water flows and substances dissolving from either natural sources or from household plumbing systems. This study concludes that the systematic monitoring by drinking water authorities of water quality is essential and the enforcement agencies in the state (NAFDAC and the Ministry of Health) need to get the producers of 'packaged water' to comply with the national drinking water guidelines.

Oladimeji S.O11 *, Lawal O. A2 . and Steve A1

ABSTRACT Anthocleista vogelii Planch, phyto-constituents was evaluated and the plant leave extracts investigated on the claims of the traditional medicine practitioners of its usage as fertility enhancer in females. Ethanolic extract of Anthocleista vogelii were administered orally for 14 days to female albino rats placed in different groups. First, temporary infertility was induced with Micronor (norethisterone) or Nacetylcysteine (NAC) given orally to some rats, for seven (7) days prior to other treatment. The rats were sacrificed after the completion of extract administration. The absolute counts of clusters of differentiation CD4+ and CD8+ was performed on the blood samples using the Becton Dickinson’s (BD) FACS Count Automated technique. Hormonal analysis was performed on sera obtained from the experimental animals using commercial standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. The extract was found to possess Anthraquinones, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Alkaloids, Phenols and Phytosterols . The obtained results of the test group compared with control showed a statistically significant decrease (P<0.05) in CD4+ and CD8+ counts cells and Prolactin, testosterone respectively. The results showed a significant increase of estradiol, leutinizing hormone, in the female rats in the control group compared to extract treated group. The result also suggested that Anthocleista vogelii may have a role in creating the environment required for enhancing pregnancy by decreasing ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ linked Th1 andTh2 cytokines production activation. Estradiol, luetinising hormone, concentration therefore support the claims on the traditional use of Anthocliesta vogelii that it enhance fertility in female.

Grillo, J. Adebayo and Olasupo, N. Ayoade

Abstract Introduction: Diskol, Iodasteryl and Morigad are disinfectant formulations commonly used in the poultry industry in Nigeria to prevent infections of birds. Aim: The formulations were evaluated for effectiveness in controlling the growth of bacterial isolates from poultry and poultry environment. Materials and Methods: The bacteria were isolated from water, feed, litter materials, and cloacae swabs, and were identified using the Analytical Profile Index kits. The disinfectant evaluation was carried out using the kill kinetics method at 0.5X, 1X and 1.5X the manufacturer’s recommended dilutions. Results: The pseudomonads had percentage occurrence of Pseudomonas putida (25) > P. mendocina (20) > P. aeruginosa (15), P. stutzeri (15), P. fluorescens (15) > P. shigelliodes (10), while the staphylococci had Staphylococcus lentus (78.26) > S. sciuri (13.04) > S. aureus (8.70). Diskol and Morigad recorded 8 log1010 reduction (i.e. 100% kill) at the 3 concentrations against all the Pseudomonas isolates at 10 min contact time but were only able to achieve same at 1X and 1.5X against the staphylococci. At 0.5X, however, both Diskol and Morigad were only able to achieve 8 log10 reduction (100% kill) of all Staphylococcus sp. at 30 min except against S. sciuri SN3 where Diskol achieved same record at 10 min. The best performances of Iodasteryl were less than 100% kill even at 8log 10 reduction against P. putida FaF12, P. mendocina FaW48, P. stutzeri FaM35, and P. shigelliodes FbM36 at 1.5X and 60 min and 7.99log 10 reduction at 1.5X and 60 min against S. lentus SN1, S. lentus SN2, S. sciuri SN3, S. sciuri SN4 and S. aureus SM2. All disinfectants demonstrated increasing activity with increase in time and concentration. Conclusion: The study indicated the potential of the disinfectants in elimination of some bacteria of public health significance thus justifying their use in the control of poultry infections.

Abayomi Abdul-Azeez Jimoh1, Abiodun Ojesanmi1, Rasaq Adewale Olowu2

Abstract: Introduction: Heavy metals are useful for essential animal tissue metabolism; however, when these metals exist beyond the permissible limits, they cause ecological damage and constitute threat to human health. Freshwater prawns, including Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, are bio-indicators of metal pollution. M. vollenhovenii is an important source of protein and abundant in the Asejire Lake, which serves as a major source of drinking water to people living around the Lake. Aims: This study was therefore designed to examine the concentrations of some heavy metals (Mn, Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn) in water, sediment and different sizes of Macrobrachium vollenhovenii in Asejire Lake, southwest Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Quarterly sampling of M. vollenhovenii, water and sediment was conducted on Asejire Lake in the months of November, February and May. Analysis of the selected heavy metals in the various samples was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Bioaccumulation Factors (BAF) of the metals were also determined. Results: Heavy metals concentration in prawns was in this order: Zn > Cu > Mn > Pb > Cd. Ranked mean concentration of heavy metals in different prawn sizes was large > small > medium. There was no significant difference, at p > 0.05, among heavy metals concentrations in different prawn sizes, except in Cadmium. Pb, Cu and Zn were detected in water, while all the five metals were detected in sediment. Large prawns bioaccumulated the most heavy metals while medium prawns bioaccumulated the least. Cu was the most bioaccumulated heavy metal. Concentrations of Mn, Pb, Cu and Cd were above the FAO limit for prawn; concentrations of Cu and Zn in water were below the WHO limit, while Pb was above the limit. Concentrations of heavy metals in sediment were lower than the FAO limit. Conclusion: These results suggest that prawns and water from Asejire Lake are not safe for human consumption, and it is recommended that proper managerial policy be put in place to check the influx of these metals into the Lake. Keywords: Heavy Metals, Size, Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, Asejire Lake

Bimpe Ogungbe1, Michael Arowosegbe1, Oluwadamilare Iyapo2, Green Akenzua1, Olaide Elewuro1 and Semako Hungbo1

ABSTRACT Introduction: Acycor-plus (ACY) is a single dose combined analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. Prolonged usage and overdose often lead to gastro-intestinal ulcerations, inflammations and oxidative stress which increases the use of synthetic H2 antagonists such as cimetidine (CMT). Aims: This study was carried out to monitor the antioxidant and inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia (MC) in ACY-administered male Balb/c mice. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five mice weighing between 15-20g were equally divided into five groups and received normal saline (Control), 2.5mg/kg ACY alone (ACY), ACY combined with either 50mg/kg cimetidine (CMT) or 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg ethanolic extract of Momordica charantia (MC100 and MC200, respectively). The animals were sacrificed after three days by cervical dislocation and post-mitochondrial fractions of their livers, kidneys, small intestines and colons were used to assess the activities of antioxidant and inflammatory markers. Results: MC100 and MC200 significantly reduced antioxidant markers except catalase (CAT) when compared with ACY while they increased hepatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO) (p<0.05). Kidney and colonic MPO activities were significantly reduced by MC100. However, MC200 significantly increased renal CAT, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and SOD/(GPx+CAT) ratio with increased oxidative stress. Conclusion: It can be concluded that MC100 had comparable effect with CMT while MC200 might induce renal toxicity. However, further research is needed using other routes of administration.

Oladimeji S.O1 *, Lawal O.A. and Steve A

Anthocleista vogelii was investigated for the acclaimed fertility enhancing properties especially in females. The phyto-chemistry of the ethanolic leave extract of Anthocleista vogelii was determined prior to it being administered orally for 14 days to Wister albino rats. Micronor (norethisterone) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was given orally to induce temporary infertility in the female rats for seven (7) days prior to other treatment. The Blood samples from experimental animal groups were collected through cardiac puncture when the rats were sacrificed after the completion of fourteen (14) days extract administration. The vitamin E analysis was performed using HPLC. The hematological parameters were performed using the Sysmex® Automated Hematology Analyzer KX-21N. Biochemical evaluation of glutamic pyruvate transaminase ALT, alkaline phosphatase ALP, glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase AST, total cholesterol and total triacylglycerol was done using randox biochemical kits. The extract was found to possess Anthraquinones, Terpenoids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Alkaloids, Phenols and Phytosterols. The hematological parameters showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in absolute middle cells (basophils, eosinophils and monocytes) count. It also showed a significant reduction in the ALP, ASP, AST, TAG and cholesterol level (p<0.05). The obtained results showed a significant increase of vitamin E concentration in the female rats in the control group compared to extract treated group. The result also suggest that Anthocleista vogelii may have a role in creating the environment required for enhancing pregnancy with the Vitamin E concentration production that support the claims on the traditional use of Anthocliesta vogelii to enhance fertility in female.

Hamid Oladunjoye1, Kayode Oyedele2, Lukumon Adeoti2, Kehinde S. Ishola2

ABSTRACT Liquefaction occurs in shallow, loose, saturated deposits of cohesionless soils subjected to strong shearing stresses. This leads to the transfer of stress from the soil skeleton to the pore water precipitating a decrease in effective stress and shear resistance of the soil. The study gives the results of the liquefaction potential assessment in some part of Lagos wetland areas of Lagos. The aim of this study was to assess the liquefaction potential through the evaluation of its severity in response to Earth tremors. In order to achieve this purpose, Multi-channel Analysis of Surface waves (MASW) and Cone penetration testing (CPT) were carried out. For an optimal coverage of the study area, twenty-four channels 4.5Hz geophones connected to the ABEM Mark 6 Seismograph through two cable reels were used to detect the generated seismic wave produced by the weight drop of about 19.1 kg. The CPT soundings for assessing subsurface stratigraphy with respect to liquefiable soils were carried out with a 10-Ton Dutch Cone Penetrometer. The softwares used were SeisImager, for processing the MASW data and CLiq for the CPT measurements. The shear wave velocity models were generated for the MASW measurements. The models show that sand sediments with velocity ranging from 118 - 279 m/s dominated most of the study area. Also, the results show that for the potential liquefiable sands identified, the shear wave velocity ranges between 118.0 – 180 m/s delineated at depths between 10.0 – 20.0 m within study profile an is typical of liquefiable sands. Simplified procedure of assessment of Liquefaction potential from CPT showed a model curve whereby some CPT points were within the liquefiable zones.

Ismail O. MURAINA1, Imran A. ADELEKE2, Mukaila A. RAHMAN3

Social Networking Sites (SNSs) are basically used for social interaction among individuals and people. Some students often use them basically to meet friend and discuss on trivial things rather than their academic issues. SNSs popularity has made researchers to look at a way to connect advantages of social networks with classroom interactions and collaboration. This could culminate into the infusion of SNSs into the classroom setting. The study aim to identify, analyze, and classify the SNSs used by respondents in order to see how instructors could tailor their uses for academic purposes. The study employed sample survey descriptive design approach targeting higher institution as study population. Both content validity was established through colleague in research; while construct validity was done via KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) with 0.762. The reliability index yielded 0.788, Chronback Alpha. Responses to the questionnaire items were collated and analyzed using cross tabulation statistical tool via SPSS. Findings reviewed that SNSs platforms are used by students majorly for fun as well as photo, video display and information sharing, but seldom used for serious academic purposes. The introduction of SNSs into classroom situation offer good advantage and opportunity for students’ academic achievement if instructors could discourage and task students on their better use. The students can be challenged and guided to use SNSs to schedule classroom time, share academic materials and also engage in classroom collaboration.

Tosin O. Ogunbodede1,2 , Boluwaji A. Akinnuwesi2 and Benjamin S. Aribisala2

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It kills about 1.5 million people per year and about 95% of its victims are from Africa. A major problem of TB is the difficulty in its diagnosis due to the fact that in most cases, it is either asymptomatic or latent. This difficulty in diagnosis has motivated the development of various algorithms for TB diagnosis most of which have poor diagnosis power. Aim: This research focused on systematic review and analysis of computational models for diagnosis of TB with the view to identifying their strengths and weaknesses. The overall target is to develop a standard and robust computational model with improved diagnostic power. Method: Selection was from peer-reviewed articles on Google scholar assessing strictly computational TB diagnostic models. Search terms include: Diagnosis, Tuberculosis, Computational, Mathematics, Bayes, Soft computing, Fuzzy logic, Neural Network. Exclusions were made based on some criteria. Results: Initial search returned 303 of which only 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. 19 were on neural network or neuro-fuzzy, 2 studies were on Expert System. 7 analysed fuzzy logic/hybrids and Bayesian/data mining appeared in 7 reports. 5 studies were on Genetic Algorithm and its hybridized forms while 2 papers were on other methods. Conclusion: Results suggest that accuracy and speed need to be improved due to weaknesses in existing models. Hybridization of Genetic algorithm, Neuro-fuzzy and Bayesian techniques will most likely guarantee improved diagnosis, however, further quantitative analysis is required to confirm this.

Oluwatoyin Enikuomehin and Uthman Dosumu

Online examination systems exist as an attempt to expand the frontiers of learning and testing. The system is aimed at taking the advantages of web resources to reduce time, cost and other constraints associated with location defined examination. The development has been limited by the strictness of the examination format vis-à-vis keyword match which are boundary-defined. This constraint led to poor adoption of online testing systems which are essential in handling the problem associated with large enrollment. Existing systems do not allow examiners to test for knowledge in ways that they seem due; similar to the conventional classroom testing system. We leveraged on the advances in Natural Language Processing and the success emerging from same and therefore remodeled the examination system against some known concepts in text summarization, term dependencies, semantic tagging and corporal build-up using a standalone global API for semantic interpretation of answers. We improve the Levenshtein distance between two strings a, b using the triangular inequality to identify the relationship of two terms as applicable between questions and answers. The Levenshtein distance was denoted in php with the int levenshtein ( string $str1 , string $str2 ). The output of the research is the development of a subjective examination system that allows the self-grading of essay type question using a web based semantic API. The complexity of the algorithm is O(m*n), where n and m are the length of str1 and str2 The interface was coded in php with a MySQL supporting backend.

Olutimo Akinwale L.

Introduction: Knowledge of food composition is crucial in the assessment of nutritional quality and potential contribution to recommended nutrient intakes. Fish plays a major role in ensuring food and nutritional security among the poor, vulnerable and rural fishing communities. However, in Nigeria, information on the nutrition content of some locally important fish species particularly after smoking or sun-drying is either lacking or missing. Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate (i) the nutritional value of two locally smoked clupeids (Sardinella maderensis and Pellonula leonensis); (ii) in relation to recommended nutrient intakes in pre-school children (< 5 years) and elderly (men and women >70 years) and (iii) linkages between nutrient access and intake. Materials and Methods: Fresh samples were collected from Badagry Creek, smoked using local smoking kiln and analyzed according to AOAC standard method. Data were collected in duplicates and analyzed using t-test. Results: There were significant differences (P =.05) in the proximate composition except for crude fibre between the two fish species. The percentage cover of daily recommended intake of phosphorous and calcium from the two species were very low (1. 81-3.7%; 0.023% - 0.0912%) but low to moderate for zinc (2 % - 22.50%) in pre-school children and the elderly. Conclusion: Sequel to the results obtained in this study, the two smoked fish species showed good nutritive qualities for human health despite the low to moderate contents of calcium, zinc and phosphorus. Keywords: Badagry Creek, clupeids, nutritional quality, smoked fish, Nigeria, recommended nutrient intakes.

Koleayo Omoyajowo1, Kelechi Njoku2, Sunday Amiolemen1, John Ogidan, Olapeju Adenekan1, Kayode Olaniyan3, Julie Akande3, Ifeoluwa Idowu3

This study examined pesticide residue levels in three fresh fruit varieties commonly consumed in Lagos state, Nigeria. The fruits (apple, watermelon and sweet orange) were collected from various sale points of fruits in three local government areas; Eti-osa (Ajah), Lagos mainland (Oyingbo) and Ifako-ijaiye (Ifako-Ijaiye). Pesticide residue levels were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Data obtained from GC-MS were statistically analysed using graph pad prism 6.0 software and compared with WHO/FAO limits. There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) in each fruits obtained per sampling location. Fruits contained pesticides below WHO/FAO limit except for watermelon that had mean pesticide residue concentration for atrazine (0.088-0.133 mg/kg), clothianidin (0.00 - 0.029 mg/kg), omethoate (0.094 - 0.205 mg/kg) and oxamyloxime (0.088 - 0.125 mg/kg) above WHO/FAO MRLs of 0.02, 0.02, 0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg for atrazine, clothianidin, omethoate and oxamyloxime respectively. The presence of pesticides in these fruits calls for strict regulation of the application of pesticides in farms and preservation chambers. This study recommends further investigation of all agricultural produce in order to circumvent contamination and other problems associated with pesticide accumulation and toxicity.

Wusu Ashiribo Senapon and Akanbi Moses Adebowale

Many problems from science and engineering are modeled by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) whose solutions describe the temporal evolution of the modeled processes. In most cases however, the arising equations are too complex to be solved analytically. Consequently, their solutions have to be approximated by numerical methods. In this article, we propose an explicit fourth-derivative two-step linear multistep method (FD2LMM) for ordinary differential equations. The proposed method is constructed by using the maximal order criteria which is obtained through the associated linear difference operator. The starting values used by the proposed method are obtained by suitable single-step method. The order, consistency, linear stability, and the convergence properties of the method are discussed. Numerical experiments are performed and the results are compared with those of existing methods in the literature.

Koleayo Omoyajowo1, Modupe Asaolu2, Olapeju Adenekan1, John Ogidan1, Kayode Olaniyan3, Ifeoluwa Idowu3 Julie Akande, Olutunde Babalola1

The balance of electrolytes in humans is not only considered pivotal for normal functioning of cells and organs but to recover from many metabolic disorders. Cancer patients are generally at risk for electrolyte imbalances from a myriad of causes. This study was undertaken to estimate electrolytes levels in uterine cancer patients and that of controls (healthy individuals). Clinical parameters were collected after obtaining informed consent from both patients and controls. Thus, venous fasting blood samples of freshly diagnosed uterine cancer patients and controls were collected to estimate electrolytes namely sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), inorganic phosphate (PO43-) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). Na, K, Cl and PO43-were analysed spectrophotometrically (colorimetry) while HCO3- was biochemically analysed by titration. Results obtained in this study shows a significant increase (P<0.05) in the level of PO43- and Na+ in uterine cancer patients as compared with the control. However, a significant decrease was observed in the level of Cl- and HCO3- in uterine cancer patients when compared with controls. There was no significant difference in K+ level observed in both uterine cancer patients and controls. The evidence of associations between electrolyte imbalances and risk of developing uterine cancer as observed in this study are of particular importance in the prognosis, diagnosis and management of uterine cancer.

Aghogho Ogwala1, Emmanuel Olufemi Somoye1, Oluwole Oyedokun2, Rasaq Adeniji-Adele1 , Eugene Onori1, Oluwafunmilayo Ometan1, Abiola Ogungbe1, Cornelius Ogabi1 , Olujimi Adejo1, Kayode Oluyo1, Adesina Sode1

Total electron content (TEC) is a parameter of the ionosphere that produces great effect on radio signals. We present the diurnal and seasonal variations of vertical total electron content (vTEC) during the ascending phase of solar cycle 24. A moderate solar activity year (2011) with sunspot number, Rz = 55.7 is used in this study. Total electron content (TEC) deduced from the dual frequency GPS measurements obtained at two ground stations namely: ABUZ (Zaria) with longitude 7.39oE in the north and UNEC (Enugu) with longitude 7.30oE in the south are considered. Both stations are located within the same longitude and has a latitudinal difference of 4.74o in the Nigerian equatorial ionosphere (NEI). Comparison of diurnal and seasonal variations of TEC is carried out for both stations. The diurnal variation of TEC shows a steep increase starting from sunrise, reaching daytime maximum between 13 – 15 LT at UNEC and 14 – 16 LT at ABUZ, then falls to a minimum at sunset. Dawn depression occurred at the same local time of 04 LT at both stations. On a seasonal scale, Pre- and post-midnight values were highest during the Equinoxes, followed by December solstice and least in June Solstice season at ABUZ. Pre- and post-midnight values were also higher during the Equinoxes than the Solstice season at UNEC, although they are about the same range. Also, TEC values are observed to be slightly higher for all hours and seasons at Enugu in the south than Zaria in the north except during March equinox at Zaria where TEC values were higher during the daytime. This implies that there could be little variations in TEC even within the same latitudinal zone.

Eugene O. Onori, Emmanuel O. Somoye, Abiola Ogungbe, Oluwafunmilayo Ometan, Aghogho Ogwala, Cornelius Ogabi, Olujimi Adejo, Rasaq Adeniji-Adele, Kayode Oluyo and Adesina Sode

The ionosphere displays a wide range of variations ranging from diurnal, seasonal, annual and solar cycle variation. In this paper we present a study of the comparison of diurnal, seasonal and semiannual variation of the variability (VR) of the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) over Ilorin (Lat. 8.47oN, 4.6oE, dip 4.1oS) in the African sector, Jicamarca (Lat. 11.9oS, Long.76.8oW, dip 1oN) in the American sector and Okinawa (26.3oN, 127.8oE, dip 36.8oN) in the Asian sector during solar minimum period. These stations lie within the equatorial anomaly region of the ionosphere. Diurnal analysis revealed that the critical frequency of the F2 layer is more prone to variability (VR) during the nighttime than the day time at these stations, with two characteristics peaks, post-midnight peak and pre-midnight peak. The peaks at Ilorin (20 - 43%; 16 - 25%) are observed to be higher in values than those at Jicamarca (17 - 27%; 15 - 22%) and Okinawa (22 – 39%; 15 - 30%). Seasonally, December solstice maximum was noticed at Ilorin. Semiannual analysis showed that foF2 VR is highest at Ilorin station, followed by Okinawa station and least by Jicamarca station during the nighttime. Diurnal curves of Mean foF2 revealed pre-noon and post-noon peaks at all stations, with Jicamarca having highest values for both peaks while the semiannual curves of mean foF2 values showed almost equal values for all stations. Overall, foF2 variability is highest at Ilorin and lowest at Jicamarca while for F2 layer ionization the reverse is the case.

Bosede Olufemi Alfred, Wusu Ashiribo Senapon and Akanbi Moses Adebowale

Mathematical modeling of scientific and engineering processes often yield Boundary Value Problems (BVPs). One of the broad categories of numerical methods for solving BVPs is the finite difference methods, in which the differential equation is replaced by a set of difference equations which are solved by direct or iterative methods. In this paper, we use some properties of matrices to analyze the stability and convergence of the prominent finite difference methods - two-step Obrechkoff method - for solving the boundary value problem $u^{\prime \prime} = f(t,u)$, $a < x < b$, $u(a) = \eta_1$, $u(b) = \eta_2$. Conditions for the stability and convergence of the two-step Obrechkoff method method were established.

Abdulrazaq Ogunmoye11, Ibrahim Oladosu22 , Patricia Onocha32 , Iqbal Choudhary43

Uapaca guineensis Mull. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) commonly called false mahogany and “Ewe akun” in the western part of Nigeria grows in humid localities, mixed evergreen forest and sea-level up to 1100 m altitude. The study was designed to isolate Betulinic acid (3?-hydroxylup-20-(29)-en-28-oic acid) which is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenoid that exhibited antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic and antioxidant properties from the stem bark and root of Uapaca guineensis. The air-dried and pulverized stem bark and root of U. guineensis (0.5 kg each) were separately extracted with aqueous ethanol (80%) for 72 hour at room temperature, filtered, concentrated on rotatory evaporator at 37 oC and then stored in a desiccator. The ethanol extracts of the stem bark was partitioned successively with n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol, while ethanol extract of the root was chromatographed directly. The dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the stem bark was also chromatographed. These results in the formation of whitish powder that are UV inactive and also gave single spot each with cerium sulphate. They are coded as DBG-D13 (25.0 mg), MBG-Q3 (6.1 mg) and ERG-E7 (20.0 mg) for dichloromethane, Methanol and Ethanol extracts respectively. The structure was unequivocally established by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, 2D-NMR, IR, UV and MS spectra analysis as well as by comparison of the spectra data with previously reported values. The dichloromethane, methanol and the ethanol extracts all yielded betulinic acid in substantial quantity. The isolated compound is a confirmation to existing information and an addition to the library of organic compounds.

Abdulrafiu Majolagbe1, Kafeelah Yusuf2, Adebola Adeyi3

Abstract The present study investigate the distribution of Heavy metals (Cadmium, Copper, Zinc, lead and Nickel) and potential ecological risk associated in surface sediments samples from six coastal communities (Ajah, Imore, Ilado, Ajindo, Ojo and Gbelejo) in Lagos, Nigeria. Composite samples were collected from ten (10) different locations in each of the communities and analysed of heavy metals using employing Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The interim Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG) was applied to characterize the dredged sediments and assess the potential ecological risk on the environment through multivariate quality indices such as pollution index (Pi), pollution classification (Pc), geo accumulation index(I geo) and potential ecological risk index (RI). The concentration of zinc was observed higher in the sediments from commercially dredge areas (Ajah and Imore). The result obtained classified entire study area as polluted with respect of Pb and Ni, and as contaminated with (Cd, Cu, and Zn) respect of other metals investigated. The overall ecological risk for the six study areas revealed moderate potential risk (110 ? RI < 200), except Imore and Gbelejo which showed low potential risk (RI < 110). The need for regular monitoring by the relevant agencies cannot be overemphasized to ensure sustainable environment.

Oluwafemi Sunday Obayori1 *, Lateef Babatunde Salam2 , Olubusola Olayinka Ogunmakinwa1 and Moyosore Adedolamu Ogunleye1

Poultry manure and cow dung have been established as potential material for the bioremediation of petroleum polluted sites, with emphasis on nutrient addition. Our aim was to isolate from poultry droppings and cow dung bacteria with ability to degrade petroleum hydrocarbons. Bacteria were isolated from poultry droppings and cow dung by continuous enrichment and vapor transfer techniques. Petroleum utilization by each isolate was confirmed in carbon free medium containing Escravos crude oil (1%). The two best isolates were selected for further study. Isolates were identified by Analytical Profile Index (API). Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by multidisc. Growth was assayed in broth culture by plate count. Residual oil was determined by Gas Chromatography equipped with Flame Ionisation detector (GC-FID). The isolates were putatively identified as Pseudomonas putida (MP2) and Pseudomonas sp. (MC4). Both isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol and tarivid. They resisted amoxicillin and gentamycin, augmentin, sparfloxacin and septrin. The growth rates were 0.17 and 0.23/day for strains MP2 and MC4 respectively, while the organisms degraded 88.39% and 89.06 % of crude oil respectively in 20 days. Aliphathic hydrocarbons in the range C11 to C22 were mostly reduced to less than 20%, while C22 – C26 disappeared completely within the same period in both cases. Bacteria capable of extensive degradation of Escravos crude oil were isolated from poultry droppings and cow dung. Such isolates could be veritable candidates for bioaugmentation of hydrocarbon polluted environmental compartments.

Patrick Owate1,2, Benjamin Aribisala1, Charles Uwadia2 and Philip Adewole2

Introduction: The human brain consists of four main lobar sections: Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe and Occipital lobe. Most of the existing models used for the parcellation of brain into these lobes have limited accuracy when applied to ageing brain. Aim: To systematically review the existing models of parcellating brain Magnetic Resonance Images, their strengths and weaknesses, and the possibility of using them for ageing brain. Materials and Methods: PubMed was searched combining search terms for Parcellation, Brain and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Articles were considered if they met the following criteria: Parcellation method was indicated, imaging technique was MRI, high resolution anatomical T1-Weighted was used, lobar regions were parcellated, number of lobar regions was indicated. Results: The search resulted into 569 articles. 174 articles (7 from the list of references) were potentially relevant and their abstracts were read. Out of these, 108 were not relevant because they either focused on animal studies, sub-cortical segmentation or tissue segmentation. The full papers of the remaining 66 were reviewed. 39 articles met the inclusion criteria. Various parcellation models were reviewed and summarized into six groups: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, region growing, shape and appearance, energy-based and atlas-based models. Conclusion: All the existing models identified were developed for parcellation of young adult brains and none of them used age-related information. Atlas-based model was found to perform the best among all the models. Future work should consider extending atlas-based model by including ageing information which could make them perform well on ageing brain.

Moses S. Owolabi1*, Omowonuola, A. Adenike1, Oladipupo A. Lawal1, Avoseh N. Opeyemi1, Ogunwande I. Ajani1, William N. Setzer2

Introduction: Medicinal plants play a significant role in the health maintenance in underdeveloped countries, herbs and spices continue serve as a new sources for herbal medicines. Aim: The objective was to investigate phytochemical screening and biocidal activity on stem bark Chrysophyllum albidum (Linn) and straw Aristolochia ringens using chloroform. Methods: Chloroform extracts of C. albidum and A. ringens were obtained and screened for phytochemical constituents. The colour intensity or the precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to these tests. The Antimicrobial activities crude extracts were evaluated against some microorganisms with broth microdilution test. The extracts were screened for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against breast tumour and liver tumour cells. Results: The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinone and glycosides. C. albidum and A. ringens chloroform extracts revealed high quantities of alkaloid and flavonoid respectively. While cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone were found with low quantity in C. albidum and A. ringens extracts respectively. C. albidum showed promising bacterial activity against Escherichia coli and cytotoxic activity to liver tumour cells. While A. ringens, showed excellent bacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and good fungal activity against Candida albicans. A. ringens also showed cytotoxic to liver tumour and breast tumour cells. The observed antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects may be due to the antagonist or synergistic effect of the secondary metabolites identified in the extracts. Conclusion: Medicinal plants studied showed good potential biological activities that support the idea that traditional medicines remain useful healthcare in developing countries

Olabanjo Olusola A.1, Wusu Ashiribo S.2, Akanbi Moses A.2 and Aribisala Benjamin S.1

In a real-world scenario, problems are identified, assumptions are made, data are collected and models are proposed. The underlying mathematical structure of the models is analyzed to appraise the sensitivity of the conclusions when the assumptions are not precisely met. In this work, we present the formulation of a modified Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model to include terms which represent the degrees of internal competition of both predators and prey for their limited resources and a simulation of the stability behaviour of the resulting system. A computer simulation of the behaviour - stability of the solution of the model - of the system under different conditions is also presented. The critical points, eigenvalues and phase portrait of the system in terms of the model parameters are also obtained. The model interpretation and applicability are also discussed. The trajectories of the proposed model are not periodic and tend to equilibrium level with time, thus, making the system to be asymptotically stable. This behaviour is in line with the observable natural predator-prey system.

AbdulAzeez A. Anjorin1, Akeeb O. Bola Oyefolu1, Latifat M. Laguda1‘Kabir O. Akinyemi11

Background: Detection of Hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) in the serum implies that an individual is immune to HBV infection either from vaccination or past infection, which usually persists for life. Aim: This study was aimed to determine the seropositivity of anti-HBs among HIV-seropositive patients and further appraise the effect of co-infection on their immunological status in Ojo, Lagos. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 blood samples collected from HIV positive patients were analysed for anti-HBs (HBsAb) by Immunochromatographic assay (Biotec, UK). CD4+ count was determined using BD FACS Count Automated analyser. Results: Out of the 74 HIV infected patients screened, 12 (16.2 %) males and 62 (83.8 %) females, 2 patients (2.7 %) were positive for anti-HBs, with no prevalence among the males and 2.7 % among the females. Anti-HBs was only recorded in HIV positive patients in the 21-30 years age group (8.7 %). The result showed anti-HBs lifelong protection to HBV among HIV patients with CD4+ Count ranging from 601-700 and 901-1000 to be 1.7 % and 1.7 % respectively. Protection of 3.5 % was reported among antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve patients and 0 % protection among ART patients. Conclusions: Our findings showed prevalence of 2.7% HBsAb in the studied HIV positive patients with a protection of 3.5 % anti-HBs to HBV among antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve patients in Ojo, Lagos. The low prevalence of HBsAb in HIV positive patients may be attributed to suppression of immune responses leading to the loss of previously developed protective antibody against HBV infection. We hereby suggest anti-HBs screening for all HIV positive patients and that those negative should be vaccinated to help them develop protective immunity to HBV infection.

Boluwaji Akinnuwesi1 and Faith-Michael Uzoka2

Introduction: Application software helps organizations to perform effectively and efficiently in the competitive environment and hence provide value-added services to customers. High significance of application software stimulates organizations to carrying out thorough evaluation of software project proposals that vendors submit with the view of selecting best proposal with optimal performance when implemented. This process entails a number of assessment criteria, multiple conflicting goals, and increasingly turbulent environment. Therefore the need arises for the use of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for assessment. Aim: This research focused on development of AHP based model for software project proposal assessment and select proposal that guarantees optimal performance when implemented. Materials and Methods: AHP process was divided into 3 phases: Decomposition phase for identification of decision alternatives and evaluation criteria; Measurement of Preference phase for identifying relative importance of criteria using pairwise comparison matrix; and Synthesis phase to establish percentage of relative priorities for ranking proposals and select the best. Results: 64 variables were established and were hierarchically arranged into 4 levels based on degree of preference. It was evident from the priority graph that functionality (35.26%), quality (22.00%) and usability (19.34%) had the higher priority weights, while cost (2.47%) and vendor services (6.26%) had the least. Conclusion: AHP based software project proposal evaluation framework was presented whereby functionality, quality and usability have more consideration than cost elements in the assessment of software projects. Future work attempts to include organizations size, type of business, and experience criteria in the AHP model and implement the framework.

Oluwaseun James Oguntuase

Abstract Introduction: Bioeconomy has gained significant attention in recent years, with countries adopting it to drive their developmental efforts. However, the concept has not been adequately examined and integrated into policy making in Nigeria. Aim: This paper provided an overview of the bioeconomy in terms of motivation, policy framework, and application as a concept for achieving sustainable development. It drew from international experiences in implementing bioeconomy to provide lessons that Nigerian stakeholders can use to develop and implement a comprehensive bioeconomy policy framework to solve environmental and societal challenges. Method: The study was essentially based on a desk review of relevant academic papers with reference to publicly accessible documents from governments and their agencies. Result: My review showed that there is no clear cut definition for bioeconomy, the definitions are evolving and vary depending on the actors, motivation and objectives. However, bioeconomy has become the center of sustainable economic strategies in numerous countries but Nigeria lacks a cohesive bioeconomy policy. The chief motivation for bioeconomy adoption in these countries is to address societal challenges while achieving sustainable economic development. The policies focused on research and innovation, education and training, stakeholders’ engagement, technology transfer, commercialization, and market development support. Conclusion: In order to achieve sustainable development, Nigeria must develop and implement a holistic bioeconomy policy cutting across all relevant economic sectors.

Bakre Omolara Fatimah, Awe Gbemisola Sikirat and Akanbi Moses Adebowale

In this paper, the optimal 8--step linear multistep method for solving $y^{\prime}=f(x,y)$ is constructed and implemented. The construction was carried out using the technique based on the Taylor expansion of $y(x + jh)$ and $y^{\prime}(x + jh)$ about $x + t h$, where \emph{t} need not necessarily be an integer. The consistency, stability and convergence of the proposed method are investigated. To investigate the accuracy of the method, a comparison with the classical 8-stage Runge--Kutta method is carried out on two numerical examples. The results obtained by the constructed method are accurate up to certain degrees and compete favourably with those produced by the classical 8-stage Runge--Kutta method.

Kehinde S. Ishola, Blessing C. Okoye, Lukumon Adeoti, and Kayode F. Oyedele

An appraisal of aeromagnetic data lying between Longitudes 110 00' 25.95''E - 110 30’ 15.1”E and Latitudes 110 30’ 7.59”N – 120 05’ 45.6''N has been carried out with a view to understanding structural trends of interest as well as determination of depth to magnetic sources giving rise to magnetic anomalies in the study area. To achieve the objectives of this study, the datasets were digitized along contours, corrected for the main geomagnetic field, re-gridded, and merged to generate magnetic structural anomaly map of the area. Also, from the aeromagnetic data, we used spectral technique based on Fourier transformation to estimate depths along some selected profiles on the residual anomaly map. The results show that the most pronounced structures are observed towards the southern and central parts of the study area signifying that majority of the magnetic anomalies trend in the Northeast-Southwest while the minor ones trend East-West direction. This suggests that the study area is intensely fractured with major regional faulting systems playing important role in entrapment and exploration of natural resources as well as understanding the hydrogeologic framework of the basin. The spectral analysis shows mainly two depth magnetic sources, the deeper sources with depths in the range of 1.34 to 3.42 km while the shallow sources are observed at depths between 0.33 to 0.91 km. Aeromagnetic data analysis over the basin shows that prominent anomalies have been identified and located.

Segun Adeola, Habeeb Adebodun Bankole, Kanmodi Rahmon Ilesanmi, Segun Osikoya

Cysteine protease inhibitors (CPIs) are widespread in plant seeds and are attractive candidates for use in the pharmaceutical industry. Wonder bean (Canavalia ensiformis) is a climbing perennial legume with fascinating pharmacological properties. A distinguishing characteristic of this plant is its ability to thrive under extreme environmental conditions such as nutrient-depleted, highly leached and acidic soil. Plants that survive in these extreme environmental conditions are known for high effective protease regulation by protease inhibitors which include CPI. Study was therefore designed with the aim to isolate and characterize CPI from wonder bean. CPI from Canavalia ensiformis was isolated and purified by simple methods consisting ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Mode of inhibition, optimum temperature and pH, as well as the effect of metals on the enzyme activity were determined using spectrophotometric method. The purified CPI was confirmed to be a competitive inhibitor against papain with the same Vmax = 78.59?103?mol/min, Km=209?M, and Ki = 137 ?M. The inhibitor exhibited maximal activity at temperature and pH of 40°C and 8.0 respectively. Metal cations such as, Pb2+, Mg2+,Co2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ significantly inhibited CPI at a very low concentration (1mM). The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed two bands of molecular weight estimated to be 28 and 32 KDa. CPI from Canavalia ensiformis was successfully isolated and there was an indication that it is composed of two polypeptide chains that might have been denatured under reducing condition in the presence of ?-mercaptoethanol. However, further investigation is required to verify this.

Moro, Dauphin Dighitoghi and Ali, Chizoba Geraldine.

INTRODUCTON: The vaginal ecosystem is a complex environment that consists of interrelationships among endogenous microflora, their metabolic products, the host’s metabolic products, oestrogen and the pH level. The endocervix however is a sterile environment, which remains susceptible to many infections. AIM: An investigation of cervico-vaginal infections amongst female patients aged 14-63 years attending two private hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria was carried out. METHODS: A total of 480 female patients constituting 444 with and 36 without vaginal discharge were examined. Both high vaginal (HVS) and endocervical swab (ECS) were taken from these patients and subjected to microbiological examinations. Antibiotics susceptibility pattern was determined using the disc diffusion technique. RESULTS: Eight different 8 species of microorganisms were isolated. The most predominant was Gardnerella vaginalis, which accounted for 264 (49%) of the total isolates, followed by Candida albicans, 120 (22%), Escherichia coli, 76(14%) Trichomonas vaginals, 28(5%) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 32(6%). Other were Proteus mirabilis, 8(1.5%) and Streptococcus pyogenes 4(0.7%). Mixed infections were observed in 20% of the patients studied. CONCLUSION: The health implication of the organisms isolated especially the high incidence of Gardnerella vaginosis in women of reproductive age can predispose them to sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), spontaneous abortion, pre-term delivery among others. The bacterial isolates were most sensitive to Gentamycin, Pefloxacine and Ceftriaxone, while most of them were resistant to Ampicillin and Tetracycline which are commonly available and abused over-the-counter drugs. Keywords: Vulvovaginitis, cervicitis, monogamy, microbial pathogens, endogenous microflora.

Raji-Lawal Hanat Y.1,2, Akinwale Adio T.2,Folorunsho O.2, and Mustapha Amidu O.2

Introduction: Anagram solving task involves a retrieving process from previously acquired knowledge, this serves as a suitable memory cognition test. Automation of this process can give a very good memory cognitive test tool, the method behind this automation is anagram orthographic similarity measure. Aim: The purpose of this research is to study existing anagram orthographic similarity measures, to deduce their strengths and weaknesses, for further improvement. Materials and Methods: Experiments were carried out on the measures, using real data. Their behaviour on different orthographic string set was observed. Result: Experiment revealed that brute force has a very poor processing time, while sorting and neighbourhood frequency does not have issues with processing time. Conclusion: The research revealed that existing anagram orthographic similarity measures are not suitable for character position verification and evaluation of syllabic complexity which are essential measures of working memory capacity.

Abdullahi Owolabi Sobola1,2 and Gareth Mostyn Watkins2

The aim of this study was to synthesize and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Cu(II) complexes of some substituted salicylaldimines with benzimidazole nucleus. The salicylaldimine ligands were prepared by condensing 2-aminobenzimidazole with salicylaldehyde, o-vanillin and p-vanillin. All the compounds and the Cu(II) complexes were characterized by elemental , electronic, infrared and molar conductivity data. In addition, the structures of the ligands were confirmed with 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data. Both the ligands and the Cu(II) complexes have been screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC® 6538™, Bacillus substillis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® 6633™*, Escherichia coli ATCC® 8739™* and Candida albicans ATCC® 2091™* using agar diffusion and broth dilution techniques. The ligands coordinated to the Cu(II) ion in a 1:2 (M:L) ratio as tridentate monobasic species via the imine-N, the imidazole-N and the phenolic–O to give six-coordinated Cu(II) complexes. The free ligands exhibited varying antimicrobial activity on the tested organisms from low activity to significant potency. Candida albicans was specifically susceptible to the o-vanillin Schiff base ligand. The presence of Cu(II) ion, however, did not have a regular effect on the activity of the compounds.

Micheal Adenibuyan1,2 , Oluwatoyin Enikuomehin2 , Benjamin Aribisala2

Information Retrieval (IR) allows the identification of relevant information from connected repositories, however their performance have been of research interest leading to investigations in the modalities by which the accuracy of the retrievals are evaluated. Metrics such as Precision, Recall, F-score among others are used to evaluate an IR system. IR use same form of evaluation for both speech and text based system while failing to realize the difference that could have occurred in the process of transcription, especially in the voice to text search, which is the most common speech based search paradigm. This is forming a new set of concerns. This research aim to review and identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing metrics for measuring the performances of speech based. A total of 179 articles were retrieved using Google Scholar repository and were manually examined. Only 25 articles were selected for analysis in this study after applying our predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Result shows that Mean Average Precision is the most frequently used metric for speech based IR system with result range from 0.4191 to 0.620. Also transcription error of spoken query or spoken document has a near linear relationship to IR performance. This systematic review serves as a bibliography of speech based IR systems and can be used by those new to the field of IR.

Olapeju Adenekan1,2, Koleayo Omoyajowo1,2, Olutunde Babalola1, John Ogidan1 Sunday Amiolemen1, Kayode Olaniyan3, Julie Akande3, Ifeoluwa Idowu3

This study examined the nutritional content of seeds of two date palm species?Phoenix dactylifera and Phoenix reclinata, using standard analytical procedures. Results obtained from proximate method shows a significant increase (P<0.05) in crude protein, carbohydrate and ash content of P. dactylifera seeds compared to that of P. reclinata. However, moisture content, crude fat and fibre was significantly higher (P<0.05) in seeds of P. reclinata than P. dactylifera. The mineral element analysis revealed a significant increase (P<0.05) in Na, K, Fe and Zn content in seeds of P. reclinata compared to P. dactylifera. However, a significant increase in Ca, Mg was observed in P. dactylifera as compared to P. reclinata. Hence, the study observed differences in the nutritional content of the seeds of the two date palm species but concludes that both seeds demonstrates great nutritional potential for humankind. Thus, it recommends that further research should focus on seeds and other under-utilized portions of a large group of fruits for industrial exploitation.

Chima Nnodum1, Kafeelah Yusuf1, Comfort Adeniji2

Abstract: Introduction : Heavy metals are known to cause deleterious effects on human health through food chain. Aims: The study is aimed at assessing heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of four highly consumed fish species and to evaluate the potential health risks associated with their consumption. Materials and Methods: The concentrations of Cu, Cd and Pb were analyzed in the tissues of Titus (Scomber Japonicus), Croaker (Pseudolithus Elongatus), Scumbia (Ilisha Africana) and Shrimps (Pipeus Notialis) by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) after digestion of the samples. Results: The results showed that Cd was not detected in the tissues of all fish species. There were variations among Cu and Pb concentrations in the tissues of the fish species. Cu had the highest concentrations (1.00 µg/g) in the tissues of croaker and shrimps respectively while Pb had the lowest concentrations (0.25 µg/g) in the tissues of Scumbia . The levels of all metals in the present study were lower than the limits permitted by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO), European Community Regulation (EU) and European Commission (EC). Assessment of noncarcinogenic health hazard using Target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) indicated no concern from consumption of these fish species. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the studied metals through fish consumption was below the permissible tolerable daily intake. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there is no potential human health risk from consumption of the selected fish species. Keywords: Heavy metals, Hazard index, Target hazard quotient.