Okwa O. Omolade1, Mordi E. Chukwudumebi2 and Adefowope A. Esther3

Introduction: Parasitism is a biological interaction between two organisms of different species, the smaller one known as the parasite is metabolically dependent on the bigger one called the host. The parasite inflicts injury and may ultimately kill the host. Open defeacation (OD) is the human practice of emptying the bowels in an open space rather than a properly designed structure built purposely for handling human waste. Statement of the Problem: OD is caused mainly by poverty, cultural misconceptions and lack of suitable toilets and the effect such as parasitism kills about 1.8 million people yearly, many of which are children. Nigeria is the third on the list of the top six countries in the world where OD is practiced with a rate of 27%. OD leads to contamination of soil, water bodies and vegetation with infectious cyst and oocyst stages of intestinal protozoa parasites, eggs of soil transmitted nematodes and larvae stages of various helminthes. Objectives: Drinking water and aquatic environment are polluted by OD and this impact on human health and aquatic life. Educating the populace on personal hygiene, proper wastes disposal and the health implications of OD and other associated problems are essential if Nigeria plans to control and stop OD. Conclusion and Recommendations: Provision of safe water and working public toilets in rural and urban areas are strongly recommended. Enforcement of sanitation laws and proper disposal of human waste is advocated. We conclude that Nigerians must awake and enhance a culture of sanitation and hygiene to bring these diseases of poverty to a drastic reduction. Keywords: Open defeacation, Parasitism, Nigeria, Contamination, Soil transmitted nematodes.

Ademola O. Adesina

SMS language is characterized by fashion and user’s creativity but needs a transformation to proper English words or spelling to formulate natural language and text processing activities. The proposed application, Web Information Retrieval System Architecture Based on SMS (WIRSABoSMS), normalizes SMS language to retain its original syntactic structure. The concept of mobile agents in web technology was introduced as a medium to achieving Short Message Service (SMS) normalization. SMS normalization was carried out with the adoption of multi-agent technology, as agents are involved in character search, sort, and compare of the strings written in SMS form into its parental orthography. This architecture was designed based on web information retrieval system (IRS) in order to achieve SMS normalization. BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) was used to evaluate the quality of text. BLEU scores compare the human judgment with that of the machine translation using two set of corpora. The outcome of syntactic text message normalization recorded an average of 90% performance (for the corpus collected from researchers) when compared with the similar test conducted with human judgment using BLEU scores metric in an health-related domain.

Babalola O. Oluwaseun11 and Raji A. Tawakalitu21

Remnant or by-products of pesticides arising from the field or storage pest applications sometimes find their ways into the final food produce. They are called pesticide residues. Studies have shown the occurrence of these residues in various food produce including tea, fruits, vegetables, beverages and even baby and infants food. With about 800 pesticides permitted for use globally, residue becomes almost inevitable. For the infants, and young children, the health effects at that critical developmental phase could be severe and irreversible. This is because quantitative and qualitative differences in pesticides absorption, metabolism, detoxification and excretion relative to adults, make the children more susceptible due to much higher kg per body weight. This study assessed the pesticide residues in the common baby food and compared with international maximum residual limits. Using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, five infant and baby’s food tagged A, B, C, D and E were analyzed. In all, multiple residues involving various twenty five pesticides were detected in the five food products. Fifteen of the pesticides including resmethrin (0.0002 µg/g), chlorpyrifos (0.0002 µg/g), allethrin (0.0004 µg/g), piperonyl butoxil (0.0003 µg/g), cyfluthrin (0.0001 µg/g), chlorpyrifos methyl (0.0002 µg/g), diclorovos (0.0001 µg/g), fluridane (0.0002 µg/g), fludioxonil (0.0002 µg/g and 0.0001 µg/g), lindane (0.0002 µg/g), daminozide (0.0002 µg/g), methy paraoxon (0.0001 µg/g) and DDE.p.p (0.0002 µg/g and 0.0001 µg/g) were above the WHO and USEPA maximum residual limits. The potential interaction of different mixtures for those pesticides that are below international residual limits as well as the occurrence of those at concentrations above these standards called for serious concerns, giving their critical effects on nervous, endocrine and immune systems. Further studies must be encouraged to determine the status of residue in other foods and the elimination of these residues, particularly in the infants and baby’s food.

Oluwaseun J. Oguntuase1, Oluwastosin B. Adu2, Oluwafemi S. Obayori3

Introduction: Escalating environmental challenges have necessitated the adoption of bio-based products. The social interface between these products with low environmental impacts and the society is a dynamic site where different stakeholders, forms of knowledge, interests and powers interplay. Scientists must navigate these factors for bio-based products to become acceptable in the society. Aims: This review explores the suitability of responsible research and innovation (RRI) as an inclusive approach to research and innovation to support the adoption and diffusion of bio-based products in the society. Method: The study was essentially based on a desk review of relevant academic papers on bio-based products, bio-based economy, bioeconomy and, responsible research and innovation (RRI) from year 2012 - 2018, with reference to other publicly accessible documents and publications. Results: The review shows that despite their potentials for contributing to greener environment and sustainability, bio-based products remain controversial. Results also show that embedding RRI dimensions in development of bio-based products “from lab to market” will help build trust among stakeholders in the relevant value chain, which is a pre-requisite for the diffusion of these products in the society. Conclusion: The main conclusion of this paper is that identifying and engaging stakeholders, the publics and their concerns when developing bio-based products will ensure the products are relatively uncontested and will diffuse better throughout the society

Oluwatosin Adu1, Olabisi Ogunrinola1, Gbemisola Saibu1, Moses Akiibinu2, Godswill Njiaka2, Omolade Fajana1, Sedoten Ogun1, Babajide Elemo1

ABSTRACT Introduction: Fairly large scale analyses have been done to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of vegetables and correlation between the various methods of analysis. However, very little has been done to relate the antioxidant capacities of these vegetables with their pH values. This study was carried out to determine the antioxidant capacity of selected widely consumed and locally available vegetables in Nigeria and relate the antioxidant capacity of these vegetables to their pHs. Methods: The vegetables were grouped into “green vegetables”-cucumber cabbage, lettuceand spring onions and “red vegetables”- tomato, scotchbonnet, cayenne pepper and carrot. The pH of these vegetables were determined. Two different methods-2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were used to determine the antioxidant capacity. Results: Results of the pH measurements of “green vegetables” showed a range of 5.84-6.72 while the pH of “red vegetables” ranged from 4.87- 5.66.All vegetables used in this study had pH less than 7 with relatively high antioxidant capacity. Scotch bonnet had consistently high antioxidant activity regardless of the method employed. There was a significant negative relationship (P<0.05; r = -0.365) between the pH and DPPH radical scavenging activity and between the pH and total antioxidant capacity (P<0.05 r =-0.351). There was no significant correlation (P<0.05) between DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity of all vegetables. Conclusion: The pHs of these vegetables were within the acidic range, and antioxidant potential of these vegetables increased with increasing acidity.

Oladipupo Mathew1, Osungbemiro Nelson2, Bankole Gafar3, Sanni Rafiu.

Introduction: Tilapias (Family Cichlidae) are among the freshwater fish species suitable for aquaculture and widely cultivated globally because of their fast growth rate, efficient use of natural aquatic foods, propensity to consume a variety of supplementary feeds, omnivorous feeding habits, resistance to disease and handling, ease of reproduction in captivity, and tolerance to wide ranges of environmental conditions Aims: Experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus fed varying levels of Basella alba leave based diets. Materials and Methods: O. niloticus fingerlings (1.95±0.01g) were randomly selected and distributed into 15 glass tanks at the rate of 15 fish per tank representing five treatments and three replicates. Five diets were formulated to containing (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 g/100kg diets) of B. alba were prepared and fed to the fish for 70 days. Results: The results revealed that weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio improved progressively up to the inclusion level of 2.0 g/100g of B. alba leave meal and then declined indicating 2.0g/100g B. alba leave meal as the optimum level that can promote the growth performance of the fish. However, 4th degree polynomial regression analysis indicated the optimum level as about 2.1 g/100g diet. It was observed that there was no significant difference in the survival (p > 0.05) of the fish fed diets with different B. alba leave meal. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained from this present study, it could be concluded that 2.0-2.1 g/100kg of B. alba leave can be included in the diets of O. niloticus fingerlings for optimum growth performance.

Olabisi Ogunrinola*, Olusegun Fajana, Samuel Olaitan, Oluwatosin Adu, Millicent Nuno, Babajide Elemo

Introduction: The use of Nauclea latifolia and Alchornea cordifolia plants as herbal curative medicine is fast growing and the need to investigate the likely toxicity to avert severe medical issues. Aims: To assess the toxicity level, the liver function enzyme activities in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) administered with both ethanolic bark extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Alchornea cordifolia were studied. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four (84) rabbits were arbitrarily grouped into seven (n = 12), where group 1 is the control, and the remaining groups were orally administered with 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic bark extract of Nauclea latifolia and Alchornea cordifolia (LD50>1000mg/kg). In each group, after 24 hours of administration on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days, three animals were sacrificed. Markers of liver functions: serum alkaline phosphate (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes activities were monitored using spectrophotometry instrument. Results: The results show a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of ALP, AST and ALT activities at all doses for the days of administration of both ethanolic bark extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Alchornea cordifolia when compared to the control. Conclusion: The study suggests that ethanolic bark extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Alchornea cordifolia may possess relative hepatoprotective activity.

Olori Emmanuel Obaro1, Benjamin Segun Aribisala1,2 and Patrick Adeomo Owate1

Introduction: Emotion plays a key role in our daily life and work, especially in decision making, as people's moods can influence their mode of communication, behaviour or productivity. Emotion recognition has attracted some research works and medical imaging technology offers tools for emotion classification. Aims: The aim of this work is to develop a machine learning technique for recognizing emotion based on Electroencephalogram (EEG) data Materials and Methods: Experimentation was based on a publicly available EEG Dataset for Emotion Analysis using Physiological (DEAP). The data comprises of EEG signals acquired from thirty two adults while watching forty 40 different musical video clips of one minute each. Participants rated each video in terms of four emotional states, namely, arousal, valence, like/dislike and dominance. We extracted some features from the dataset using Discrete Wavelet Transforms to extract wavelet energy, wavelet entropy, and standard deviation. We then classified the extracted features into four emotional states, namely, High Valence/High Arousal, High Valance/Low Arousal, Low Valence/High Arousal, and Low Valence/Low Arousal using Ensemble Bagged Trees. Results: Ensemble Bagged Trees gave sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 97.54%, 99.21%, and 97.80% respectively. Support Vector Machine and Ensemble Boosted Tree gave similar results. Conclusion: Our results showed that machine learning classification of emotion using EEG data is very promising. This can help in the treatment of patients, especially those with expression problems like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis which is a muscle disease, the real emotional state of patients will help doctors to provide appropriate medical care. Keywords: Electroencephalogram, Emotions Recognition, Ensemble Classification, Ensemble Bagged Trees, Machine Learning

Abdullahi Owolabi Sobola1*

Introduction: The unending interest in the study of Schiff base ligands arise from the ease of their preparation and their versatility in several fields of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Some of the major biochemical processes such as trans-amination and glycosylation involve the formation of Schiff base intermediates. In addition, compounds containing the azomethine group have been found to often possess different biological activity such as anti-microbial, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity. In most cases, the extent of the potency depends on the nature of the constituent amino and or aldehyde moiety. Aims: The aim of this study was to synthesize, characterize and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Schiff base ligands derived from p-vanillin and vanillin. Materials and Methods: The Schiff base ligands were prepared by condensing p-vanillin and vanillin with substituted aniline, aminonaphthalene and 3-aminopyridine respectively. The ligands have been characterized by elemental analysis, 1H- & 13C-NMR, infrared, Raman and electronic spectral data. The antimicrobial study was carried out by screening the prepared ligands against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC® 6538™, Bacillus substillis subsp. spizizenii ATCC® 6633™*, Escherichia coli ATCC® 8739™* and Candida albicans ATCC® 2091™* using agar diffusion technique. Results: The azomethine, HC=N, 1H- & 13C-NMR signals were observed at 8.66-8.30 ppm and 164.42-157.99 ppm respectively. The infrared band appeared at 1622-1607 cm-1. The p-vanillin ligands exhibited higher activity than the vanillin based ligands. The p-hydroxyl and 3-aminopyridine ligands possess significant antimicrobial activity especially, antifungal activity. Conclusion: The spectroscopic spectral data of the compounds confirmed the formation of the Schiff base ligands. The antimicrobial activity of the compounds depends largely on the nature of the aldehyde moiety.

Isaac Adebayo Akinbulu11 and Babatunde Taofeek Ogunbayo22

Thermodynamics of the electrochemical reaction in lead-acid battery was investigated. A negative value of change in Gibbs’ free energy, ?G, and a positive entropy change, ?S, were obtained for the reaction. ?G was more negative at increased temperature. The reaction was exothermic, with a negative value of enthalpy change, ?H. A relatively small value of temperature coefficient of the electromotive force of the cell, (?E/?T)_P, was also obtained for the reaction.

Afolabi Ojerinde11 and Philip Adewole22

This paper presents human induced crisis management system using big data infrastructure. This approach was motivated by the already established fact that human induced crisis are characterized by velocity, variety and volume. This paper therefore employed Hadoop big data stack, web technology to design and implement a crisis management model. The resulting system comprises analytical engine, custom website and a desktop application called “Channel”. The Hadoop distributed file system was used for data storage in the analytical engine, crisis data were collected via Twitter API and web service generated by the project website using Apache Flume and Channel respectively. Apache Hive was used to analyse the collected data and the analysed result were posted back to custom website using Channel. The system was evaluated using Mean Opinion Score (MOS) to test for its applicability, usability and reliability. The perceived applicability rating of 74%, usability rating of 73% and reliability rating of 57% were obtained. The resulting system provides insight into crisis situation; promote rapid situational awareness, aid policy formulation and monitoring.

*Olaniyi Kamil Yusuff11, Modinah Adenike Oladayo Abdul Raheem21, Abdulrahman Abdullah Mukadam31, Aanuoluwapo Akerele41

The biosorption of Cr (III) ions from aqueous solutions by groundnut husk, a low-cost biosorbent was studied on a laboratory scale batch experiments. The effects of pH, contact time, particle size, biosorbent dosage and temperature on the adsorption of Cr (III) ions were investigated. Determination of Chromium ion concentration in solution was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results show that the removal mechanism is predominantly by chemisorption and it is dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of the biosorbent material. From the initial concentration of 0.5 mM, optimum Cr (III) ions removal was obtained at pH of 4, particle size of 0.15 nm, contact time of 180 minutes and biosorbent dosage of 50 mg, with the highest biosorption efficiency of 81.15 %. The biosorption process was best described by the BET adsorption isotherm with R2 value 0.9814 indicating multiplayer adsorption. Analysis of the experimental data revealed that the biosorption of Cr (III) ions from aqueous solution by groundnut husk is a spontaneous process with a ?Go value of -24.38 kJmol-1 at 298 K and follow the pseudo second order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0151 min-1. The results indicate that groundnut husk can be employed as a low cost alternative to commercial adsorbents in the removal of Cr (III) ions from wastewater.

1,2Eugene O. Onori,1,2Emmanuel O. Somoye,1,2Aghogho Ogwala,1Abiola Ogungbe,1,2Cornelius Ogabi,1,2Oluwafunmilayo Ometan,1,2Olujimi Adejo,1,2Kayode Oluyo,1,2Adesina Sode,1,2Habeeb Adenle.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ionosphere owes its origin primarily to ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The ionosphere is an essential part of the Earth’s upper atmosphere. It is ionized by solar radiation and influences transionospheric radio wave propagation. Maximum electron density of the F2- layer (NmF2) is an important parameter for studying the ionosphere. The ionospheric F2-region maximum electron density (NmF2) depends strongly on solar activity, it also suffers temporal and spatial variations. Aim: The aim of this paper is to investigate the response of NmF2 to solar activity during high solar activity (HSA), moderate solar activity (MSA) and low solar activity (LSA) years using correlation analysis. Materials and Methods: The data used in this work are the hourly NmF2 values derived from foF2 data observed at Jicamarca (Lat.11.9 oS, Long.76.8 oW) and Puerto Rico (Lat.18.5 oN, Long.67.2 oW) during high solar activity HSA (2002), moderate solar activity MSA (2011) and low solar activity LSA (2006) years. The NmF2 data were evaluated using the relation in equation 1 NmF2 = 1.24 x 1010 (foF2)2 (1) Where NmF2 is in el/m3 and foF2 is in MHz. Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) was used to further analyse the NmF2 data. Results: Our results revealed two unequal NmF2 peaks. The NmF2 peaks values at Jicamarca (60 - 240; 63– 204) x 1010 el/m3 are observed to be higher in values than those at Puerto Rico (63 – 187; 57 – 164) x 1010 el/m3. The highest NmF2 peak values of 240 and 187x 1010 el/m3 occurred during March equinox at 09:00 and 14:00 hours at Jicamarca and Puerto Rico respectively during HSA year. Conclusion: Correlation analysis for the three epochs of solar activity revealed that NmF2 showed positive correlation with sunspot number with highest correlation values of 0.904 and 0.976 at Jicamarca and Puerto Rico stations respectively during MSA year.

Isaac Adebayo Akinbulu1, Babatunde Taofeek Ogunbayo2 and Adewale Kabir Ipadeola3

Thermodynamics of adsorption of two synthetic food colours, Tartrazine and Brilliant blue, was investigated. The adsorbent used was activated carbon, produced from saw dust waste. For each of the food colours, equilibrium studies were carried out at different temperatures (308 K, 318 K, 328 K and 338 K). The Langmuir adsorption model was employed for equilibrium studies. Amount of colour adsorbed per gram of adsorbent, at equilibrium, was influenced by molecular size of adsorbate and temperature. Adsorption at the tartrazine-adsorbent interface was exothermic, while that at the brilliant blue-adsorbent interface was endothermic. Adsorption of tartrazine was associated with a negative entropy change, while there was increased degree of disorderliness at the brilliant blue-adsorbent interface. Each of the adsorbate-adsorbent systems was associated with positive change in Gibbs free energy, within the range of temperature employed in this work.

Abosede Adu ¹, Anthony Ojekale ², Bamidele John.¹ , Oluwatoyin Aderinola³ and Ikmot Oseni4

Introduction: Anthropogenic activities by man in Nigeria especially Lagos State have induced accumulation of heavy metals in soils which invariably have resulted in the disturbance of living organism’s biochemical and physiological functions. Aim: This study assessed the level of heavy metals concentration in cassava (Manihot esculenta) harvested in selected farms in Lagos state. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, tubers of cassava were obtained from Morogbo, Badagry area and Odogunyan, Ikorodu area; and the concentrations of heavy metals content were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric (AAS) method. Results: The results in mg/kg showed that heavy metals concentration [Nickel (3559.67 ± 5794.16), Manganese (120.33 ± 5.51), Copper (52.10 ± 2.85 and so on] were highly bioaccumulated in leafy part of the cassava. Conversely, Sodium (11620.00 ± 820.18) and Potassium (15133.33 ± 508.46) were highly bio-accumulated in the cassava’s stem while Calcium (3996.67 + 35.12) was found in high concentration in the cassava’s tuber. Lead (0.03 ± 0.05) and Cadmium (0.08 ± 0.08) were of significant values in the soil of Ikorodu and lower in the soil of Badagry. Heavy metal (Ni, Mn, Cd, Mg and Na) bio-accumulation in the two different location were higher in Badagry than Ikorodu, while Zn, Fe and K were higher in Ikorodu than in Badagry but Cobalt was not detected in both sites. Conclusion: Copper, Lead, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Nickel, Calcium, Sodium and Potassium were above the recommended level of W.H.O. Therefore, consumption of leafy and tuber part of the cassava in both Ikorodu and Badagry areas could pose threat to animals.

Victoria A. Adewale1, Dr. Adejoke O. Olamiti2

Introduction: Communication with the hearing impaired ( deaf/mute) people is a great challenge in our society today; this can be attributed to the fact that their means of communication (Sign Language or hand gestures at a local level) requires an interpreter at every instance. Conversion of images to text as well as speech can be of great benefit to the non-hearing impaired and hearing impaired people (the deaf/mute) from circadian interaction with images. To effectively achieve this, a sign language (ASL – American Sign Language) image to text as well as speech conversion was aimed at in this research. Methodology: The techniques of image segmentation and feature detection played a crucial role in implementing this system. We formulate the interaction between image segmentation and object recognition in the framework of FAST and SURF algorithms. The system goes through various phases such as data capturing using KINECT sensor, image segmentation, feature detection and extraction from ROI, supervised and unsupervised classification of images with K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN)-algorithms and text-to-speech (TTS) conversion. The combination FAST and SURF with a KNN of 10 also showed that unsupervised learning classification could determine the best matched feature from the existing database. In turn, the best match was converted to text as well as speech. Result: The introduced system achieved a 78% accuracy of unsupervised feature learning. Conclusion: The success of this work can be attributed to the effective classification that has improved the unsupervised feature learning of different images. The pre-determination of the ROI of each image using SURF and FAST, has demonstrated the ability of the proposed algorithm to limit image modelling to relevant region within the image.

Korede Taiwo1, Sunday Makinde2, Anthony Ojekale3, Margaret Sowunmi4, Opeyemi Oyetunji5 and Malik Lasisi6

Background: The use of medicinal plants (herbal) is common among the rural populace in most countries, Nigeria inclusive. Aim: The present investigation is a survey of ethnopharmacology of medicinal plants and preparations used to manage common ailments within the people of Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Method: Respondents from two rural communities (Lekki Oke and Isale Lekki) were used for this study. Results: The survey results returned 43 plants as been commonly used medicinal plants. About 28 (44%) of these had scientific data backing their medicinal usage. Nutraceuticals account for about 37 (58%) of the plants surveyed. About three quarters (74%) of the surveyed plants have multiple uses with verified data corroborating these. The leaves and roots (20%) are the most commonly employed parts of the plant for medicinal treatment, while the stem and whole plant are the least used (2%). Decoction (35%), concoctions (20%) and macerations (17%) are the most common preparation modes of the plant extracts. Conclusion: The study data and informatics therein showed that with advancement in extraction, analytical and evaluation techniques, empirical data are confirming the efficacy of these herbs used by the locals. The culture and traditions of the Lekki people in the use of herbals for health management is further affirmed with this survey. The culture and traditions of the Lekki people in the use of herbals for health management is affirmed with this survey.

Oseyemi O. Olubomehin11, Odunayo C. Atewolara-Odule21, Abdulrazaq O. Ogunmoye31

ABSTRACT Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl.& Diels) is a tree that grows with a straight regular trunk, dark bark as well as a small crown with horizontal branches. Greenwayodendron suaveolens bark and roots are used for vermifuges, and as an aphrodisiac while the leaf is used as a pain-killer, and as a cure for dysenteries and fevers. The leaves of Greenwayodenron Suaveolens were collected at the biology farm of Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye Ogun State and extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger apparatus. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of the wet and dried leaf essential oil were performed using Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). From the GC-MS analysis, a total of twenty-eight (28) compounds (98.01 %) were identified in the fresh sample, while the dried sample had fourteen (14) compounds representing 99.90 % of the constituents. The major components of Greenwayodendron Suaveolens essential oils were: terpenes 73.75 % and 67.91 %, oxygenated terpenes; 7.04 % and 9.24 % , hydrocarbons; 6.37 % and 24.89 % ,alcohols; 6.75 % and 2.81 % in the fresh and dried leaf oil samples while heterocyclic compounds 13.02 5 and esters 1.48 % were present only in the fresh leaf oil samples. The high percentage of terpenes in both oil samples could justify the traditional use of the plants in treating pains, headaches and inflammations. This study presents the results of the essential oil composition of the fresh and dried leaf samples of Greenwayodendron suavolens which will be useful in research.

Odunayo C., Atewolara-Odule11, Oseyemi O., Olubomehin21, Enitan A., Adesanya32 , Adejumoke M., Hashim41, Abdulrazaq O., Ogunmoye51

Essential oil is a hydrophobic concentrated liquid which contains volatile aroma compounds from plants. Bambusa vulgaris grows widely in the tropical and subtropical regions and has been reported to have different ethnomedicinal values such as antimalaria and antioxidant. It is also known to be an ornamental plant. The essential oil was extracted from both the fresh and dried leaves of Bambusa vulgaris by hydrodistillation method using a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical constituents of the essential oils were characterized using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The essential oils obtained are colourless with an herbal odour giving a yield of 0.64 w/w for the fresh sample and 1.08 w/w for the dried sample. A total of thirty-nine (39) compounds were identified from the essential oils of both samples. The major constituents in the fresh leaves were 3-aminodibenzofuran (19.2%), ?-ocimene (11.1%), undecane (9.6%), tridecane (8.6%), [3,2-b] pyridin-6-octahydropyrano (7.1%), 2-mono laurin (6.9%) and vinyl decanoate (5.9%). Prominent compounds of the essential oil in the dried leaves were chlorophenoxymethylenimino sulfur pentafluoride (74.5%) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione (17.3%). Undecane, tridecane, hexadecane and octadecane were found both in the fresh and dried leaves. The chemical constituents of the essential oils from Nigeria Bambusa vulgaris were reported in this study for the first time to the best our knowledge and this could be useful in aromatherapy.

Fashola Muibat Omotola1*, Opere Bolanle Olaitan1, Saibu Gbemisola Morounke2 Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja3Yovoyan Tobi Simeon1, Usman Olanike Falilat1,

Introduction: Many medicinal plants produce antioxidants and antimicrobial properties which protect the host from cellular oxidation reactions and other pathogens highlighting the importance of search for natural antimicrobial drugs. Method : The antibacterial activity of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml aqueous extract of garlic and onion on S.aureus, S. Typhi,P. aeruginosa and E. coli isolates were carried out using agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of the aqueous plant extract were measured by zones of inhibition and the antibiotic sensitivity test of the bacteria isolates was done using the disc diffusion method. Results: Inhibition zone diameter of 18 mm, 19 mm, 21 mm and 27 mm were observed for E.coli, P.aeruginosa, S.aureus, and S.Typhi respectively using 100 mg/ml of garlic while for onion, 11.5 mm, 12 mm, 12 mm and 13 mm inhibition zone diameter were observed for the same bacteria isolates respectively. It was observed that the increase in concentration of garlic is needed for better antibacterial activity while increasing concentration does not have a significant effect on the antibacterial activity of onion. The results of the antibiotic tests showed that most of the tested organisms exhibited multiple drug resistance to the conventional antibiotics including cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, amoxillin, streptomycin and septrin. Conclusion: Garlic extract showed greater antimicrobial potential compared with onion extract and the widely used antibiotics. Thus, aqueous garlic extract may be more effective in the treatment of bacterial infections in order to overcomethe problem of multidrug resistance of bacterial pathogens.

Surukite O. Oluwole1, Mautin L. Ogun1 and Olusesan A. Balogun1

Introduction: Climate change is an ecological challenge faced by the whole world especially Lagos state. This has resulted into water stress problems faced by plants and animals; thus, reducing their availability, production and yield. Aim: Talinum triangulare (water leaf) growth is hinged on the availability of optimum water in soil. It is against this that this requirement study tends to determine the effects of different watering regimes on the growth of water leaf. Materials and methods: Seeds obtained from Lagos State Agricultural Inputs Supply, Ojo, Lagos State were planted in pots filled with loamy soil. Watering regime experiments viz adequately watered (control), moderately water stressed, strongly watered stressed and very wet were carried out on the growth of T. triangulare for 7 weeks at the greenhouse, Department of Botany, Lagos State University. Results: The data collected were analyzed and results revealed that the adequately watered (control) and moderately water stressed (dry treated) seedlings performed better in terms of stem height, root and shoot dry weight, number of leaves and total biomass. The strongly watered stressed seedlings also experienced growth which was rapid initially but later slowed down abruptly. The very wet treated seedlings had stunted growth but flowered first alongside the strongly watered stressed seedlings. It was also observed that the control and strongly water stressed seedlings contained higher mineral nutrients. Conclusion: Adequately watered (control) and moderately water stressed (dry treated) treatments are the best watering regimes for the growth of T. triangulare.